C++基础篇

1.  变量和类型

      一共有4种类型，character types， numerical integer types，floating-point types，boolean type。

      每种类型所占字节数：

Group	Type names*	Notes on size / precision
Character types	char	Exactly one byte in size. At least 8 bits.
	char16_t	Not smaller than char. At least 16 bits.
	char32_t	Not smaller than char16_t. At least 32 bits.
	wchar_t	Can represent the largest supported character set.
Integer types (signed)	signed char	Same size as char. At least 8 bits.
	signed short int	Not smaller than char. At least 16 bits.
	signed int	Not smaller than short. At least 16 bits.
	signed long int	Not smaller than int. At least 32 bits.
	signed long long int	Not smaller than long. At least 64 bits.
Integer types (unsigned)	unsigned char	(same size as their signed counterparts)
	unsigned short int
	unsigned int
	unsigned long int
	unsigned long long int
Floating-point types	float
	double	Precision not less than float
	long double	Precision not less than double
Boolean type	bool
Void type	void	no storage
Null pointer	decltype(nullptr)

2. 初始化方法：

    有3种： 

     (1) type identifier = initial_value; 

     (2) type identifier(initial_value);

     (3) type identifier{initial_value};

     举例： int x=0;  int x(0); int x{0}; 这三种方法都是给x赋值为0.

     同样的， string mystring = "This is a string!";

                      string mystring("This is a string!");

                      string mystring{"This is a string!"};

3. 常量的定义方法

    有2种方法：

    (1) 用const关键字来定义一个常量.  

    (2) 用预定义#define的方法， #define identifier replacement

     举例   const double pi = 3.14159; 

                #define pi 3.14159;

4. 操作符

     

Level	Precedence group	Operator	Description	Grouping
1	Scope	::	scope qualifier	Left-to-right
2	Postfix (unary)	++ --	postfix increment / decrement	Left-to-right
		()	functional forms
		[]	subscript
		. ->	member access
3	Prefix (unary)	++ --	prefix increment / decrement	Right-to-left
		~ !	bitwise NOT / logical NOT
		+ -	unary prefix
		& *	reference / dereference
		new delete	allocation / deallocation
		sizeof	parameter pack
		(type)	C-style type-casting
4	Pointer-to-member	.* ->*	access pointer	Left-to-right
5	Arithmetic: scaling	* / %	multiply, divide, modulo	Left-to-right
6	Arithmetic: addition	+ -	addition, subtraction	Left-to-right
7	Bitwise shift	<< >>	shift left, shift right	Left-to-right
8	Relational	< > <= >=	comparison operators	Left-to-right
9	Equality	== !=	equality / inequality	Left-to-right
10	And	&	bitwise AND	Left-to-right
11	Exclusive or	^	bitwise XOR	Left-to-right
12	Inclusive or	|	bitwise OR	Left-to-right
13	Conjunction	&&	logical AND	Left-to-right
14	Disjunction	||	logical OR	Left-to-right
15	Assignment-level expressions	= *= /= %= += -= >>= <<= &= ^= |=	assignment / compound assignment	Right-to-left
		?:	conditional operator
16	Sequencing	,	comma separator	Left-to-right