厦大计算机系C++程序设计实验（三）

1 实验目的

（1）理解类层次的概念及实现类层次的方法，掌握派生的类别与方式。

（2）掌握派生类中如何使用基类的成员、基类成员在派生类中的访问控制。

（3）理解派生类中构造函数与析构函数的定义方法和执行顺序。

2 实验内容

（1）按照下面的类层次图要求编写程序。

注：Tutor类的student成员为层次图中的student类。

每个类都有input()和print()成员函数。分别定义类Tutor和ST_Score的对象，分别输入若干个数据成员的值再显示出这些数据。

（2）修改ST_Score类，添加成员函数用于计算成绩平均值。

3 实验步骤

自上而下的实现各个类，首先实现Person类，再通过继承Person类实现Teacher类和Student类，再通过继承Teacher类并使用Student类实现Tutor类，最后通过继承Student类实现ST_Score类。

对于每个类，其数据域为私有成员，其成员函数input()和print()为公有成员。底层的子类的派生方式均为公有继承。同时，在ST_Score类中增添average_score变量和average()函数来计算平均值。

以下为具体代码：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Person
{
public:
    /**Input person's name and id number*/
    void input(void);
    /**Print out person's name and id number in one line*/
    void print(void);
private:
    /**Person's name*/
    string name;
    /**Person's id number*/
    string id;
};

class Teacher: public Person
{
public:
    /**Input teacher's personal information and his/her degree and department*/
    void input(void);
    /**Output teacher's personal information and his/her degree and department*/
    void print(void);
private:
    /**Teacher's degree(Bachelor, Master, Doctor)*/
    string degree;
    /**Teacher's department*/
    string Dep;
};

class Student: public Person
{
public:
    /**Input student's personal info. and his/her age and NO.*/
    void input(void);
    /**Input student's personal info. and his/her age and NO.*/
    void print(void);
private:
    /**Student's age*/
    int age;
    /**Student's No.*/
    long long stuNum;
};

class Tutor: public Teacher
{
public:
    /**Input tutor's and student's personal info., and their meeting time*/
    void input(void);
    /**Print out tutor's and student's personal info., and their meeting time*/
    void print(void);
private:
    /**Tutor's student*/
    Student student;
    /**Tutor and his/her student's meeting time, including hour and minute,
       if input date is invalid, then let it be 0*/
    struct
    {
        int hour;
        int minute;
    }meetingTime;
};

class ST_Score: public Student
{
public:
    /**Input math and English score, if input data is less than 0 or bigger than 100, let it be 0*/
    void input(void);
    /**Print out student's math and English score in one line*/
    void print(void);
    /**Calculate his/her average score*/
    void average(void);
private:
    /**Math score*/
    double math;
    /**English score*/
    double english;
    /**Average score*/
    double average_score;
};

void Person::input(void)
{
    cout << "Please input his/her name: ";
    cin >> name;

    cout << "Please input his/her id number: ";
    cin >> id;
}

void Person::print(void)
{
    cout << "Name: " << name <<endl
         << "Id: " << id << endl;
}

void Teacher::input(void)
{
    Person::input();

    cout << "Please input teacher's degree: ";
    cin >> degree;
    cout << "Please input teacher's department: ";
    cin >> Dep;
}

void Teacher::print(void)
{
    Person::print();

    cout << "Degree: " << degree << endl
         << "Department: " << Dep << endl;
}

void Student::input(void)
{
    Person::input();

    cout << "Please input student's age: ";
    cin >> age;
    cout << "Please input student's NO.: ";
    cin >> stuNum;
}

void Student::print(void)
{
    Person::print();

    cout << "Age: " << age << endl
         << "NO.: "<< stuNum << endl;
}

void Tutor::input(void)
{
    cout << "Teacher's info.: " << endl;
    Teacher::input();
    cout << "His/her student's info.: " << endl;
    student.input();

    int new_hour, new_minute;
    cout << "Please input their meeting time(e.g. 14:30): ";
    cin >> new_hour;
    cin.get();
    cin >> new_minute;
    if(0 <= new_hour && new_hour < 24)
        meetingTime.hour = new_hour;
    else
        meetingTime.hour = 0;
    if(0 <= new_minute && new_hour < 60)
        meetingTime.minute = new_minute;
    else
        meetingTime.minute = 0;
}

void Tutor::print(void)
{
    Teacher::print();
    student.print();

    cout << "Their meeting time is: " << meetingTime.hour << ":" << meetingTime.minute << endl;
}

void ST_Score::input(void)
{
    Student::input();

    double math_score, english_score;

    cout << "Please input student's math score: ";
    cin >> math_score;
    cout << "Please input student's English score: ";
    cin >> english_score;

    if(0 <= math_score && math_score <= 100)
        math = math_score;
    else
        math = 0;
    if(0 <= english_score && english_score <= 100)
        english = english_score;
    else
        english = 0;

    average();
}

void ST_Score::print(void)
{
    Student::print();

    cout << "Math score: " << math << endl
         << "English score: " << english << endl
         << "Average score: " << average_score << endl;
}

void ST_Score::average(void)
{
    average_score = (math + english) / 2.0;
}

/**Main function*/
int main()
{
    Tutor tutor;
    ST_Score stu_score;

    cout << "Tutor: " << endl;
    tutor.input();
    cout << endl << "Tutor's info.: " << endl;
    tutor.print();

    cout << endl << "Student: " << endl;
    stu_score.input();
    cout << endl << "Student's info.: " << endl;
    stu_score.print();

    return 0;
}

4 实验结果

若输入信息为：

Tutor:
Teacher's info.:
Please input his/her name: LiuXiangrong
Please input his/her id number: 223110197905234523
Please input teacher's degree: Doctor
Please input teacher's department: ComputerScience
His/her student's info.:
Please input his/her name: LiuLizhi
Please input his/her id number: 340111199612131230
Please input student's age: 19
Please input student's NO.: 22920142203873
Please input their meeting time(e.g. 14:30): 15:34

Student:
Please input his/her name: LiuLizhi
Please input his/her id number: 340111199612131230
Please input student's age: 19
Please input student's NO.: 22920142203873
Please input student's math score: 88.5
Please input student's English score: 85

输出结果为：

Tutor's info.:
Name: LiuXiangrong
Id: 223110197905234523
Degree: Bachelor
Department: ComputerScience
Name: LiuLizhi
Id: 340111199612131230
Age: 19
NO.: 22920142203873
Their meeting time is: 15:34

Student's info.:
Name: LiuLizhi
Id: 340111199612131230
Age: 19
NO.: 22920142203873
Math score: 88.5
English score: 85
Average score: 86.75

以下为运行截图：

5 心得小结

通过本次实验，我学会了如何继承类，通过继承实现类的层次实现，并且掌握了基类、派生类内各成员函数及变量的使用方法和注意事项。在实际编写程序时，遇到了这样几个问题：

1、会面时间meetingTime的结构体声明出现错误，应该将名字至于句尾花括号和分号之间，而非在关键字struct之后；

2、在修改ST_Score类时，没有在input()函数中添加average()函数，结果没有计算平均分，而输出随机值。

通过这次实验，我还了解了使用类层次图的优点。通过图示可以清晰的编写程序，而不会出现混乱，以至于出现许多bugs。