MySQL或者MariaDB官方镜像缺省下的字符集为latin1，这篇文章整理一下镜像方式查看与设定缺省字符集的方法。
环境准备
本文中使用的MySQL镜像为Redmine所使用的MySQL，环境创建可参看：
- https://liumiaocn.blog.csdn.net/article/details/90602108
也可自行准备MySQL官方镜像的数据库环境。
字符集查看
查看：字符集全局设定
以下是Easypack中使用的官方MySQL镜像（liumiaocn/mysql）的缺省状态, 使用show variables可以查看相关的字符集设定，详细信息如下所示：
mysql> show variables like '%character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | latin1 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
| 设定参数 | 参数说明 |
|---|---|
| character_set_client | 客户端使用的字符集编码 |
| character_set_connection | 数据库链接的字符集编码类型，未设定时使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_database | 数据库所使用的字符集编码，可在建库的时候指定，如未指定则使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_filesystem | 文件系统的编码格式，默认值为binary |
| character_set_results | 客户端返回的结果集的字符集编码，如未设定则使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_server | 服务器安装时指定的缺省字符集 |
| character_set_system | 数据库系统使用的字符集编码 |
| character_sets_dir | 字符集安装的目录 |
查看：MySQL支持的字符集
而使用show charset则可以确认出MySQL所支持的字符集，执行示例信息如下所示：
mysql> show charset;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查看：特定数据库当前字符集设定
使用show create database命令可以查看创建数据库时所使用的语句以及字符集，可以看到数据库mysql和redmine均未指定charset创建数据库，所以为缺省字符集latin1.
mysql> show create database mysql;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| mysql | CREATE DATABASE `mysql` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create database redmine;
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| redmine | CREATE DATABASE `redmine` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查看：某个表的当前字符集设定
比如需要查看redmine数据库中wikis表的当前字符集设定，可以使用show table status from redmine like 'wikis’命令来执行，执行示例如下所示：
mysql> show table status from redmine like 'wikis'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: wikis
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: NULL
Avg_row_length: NULL
Data_length: NULL
Max_data_length: NULL
Index_length: NULL
Data_free: NULL
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2019-06-11 20:48:40
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
mysql>
从Collation字段的内容可以看到其设定为latin1_swedish_ci，结合MySQL支持的字符集所支持的内容，会发现这正是latin1
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
查看：某个表中的某个字段的当前字符集设定
show full columns from 表名则可以查看到特定表中的各个字段的当前字符集设定情况，以redmine的wikis表为例，执行日志如下所示，通过Collation字段则可以看到相关的信息。
mysql> show full columns from redmine.wikis;
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| project_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| start_page | varchar(255) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| status | int(11) | NULL | NO | | 1 | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
字符集设定
对如下相关的字符集全局设定，可以在MySQL中使用set命令进行设定。
| 设定参数 | 参数说明 |
|---|---|
| character_set_client | 客户端使用的字符集编码 |
| character_set_connection | 数据库链接的字符集编码类型，未设定时使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_database | 数据库所使用的字符集编码，可在建库的时候指定，如未指定则使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_results | 客户端返回的结果集的字符集编码，如未设定则使用服务器缺省字符集 |
| character_set_server | 服务器安装时指定的缺省字符集 |
| character_set_system | 数据库系统使用的字符集编码 |
以character_set_database为例，设定其为utf8编码的命令如下所示：
设定命令：set character_set_database=utf8;
执行示例日志如下所示：
mysql> set character_set_database=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like '%character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
另外还可以通过在MySQL的设定文件中进行修改的方式来达到全局设定修改的目的，比如设定如下内容以达到utf8的设定需求。
[client]
default_character_set = utf8
[mysql]
default_character_set = utf8
[mysqld]
character_set_server = utf8
使用set还是MySQL的配置文件还是同时使用，取决于实际的需求，比如是否不需要重启服务，需要将设定进行持久化保存还是临时性的修改等。
设定数据库字符集
设定数据库字符集非常简单，只需要在create database中指定charset即可，比如创建一个名为redmine的utf8编码类型数据库，可食用如下命令即可：
执行命令：create database redmine charset=utf8
修改数据库字符集
如果是已有的数据库，需要进行字符集编码的修改，则可使用alter命令。
执行命令：alter database redmine default character set utf8;
修改某个表的字符集设定可以使用如下命令
执行命令：alter table 表名 convert to character set 字符集;
修改某个表的的某个字段字符集设定可以使用如下命令
执行命令：alter table 表名 modify 字段名 字段属性 character set 字符集；
注意事项：请注意此操作均对数据会有影响，执行之前请认真确认，并做好备份，以防出现各种错误而导致无法回退的尴尬境地。
执行示例日志如下所示
- 字符集修改之前的确认
mysql> show create database redmine;
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| redmine | CREATE DATABASE `redmine` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show full columns from redmine.tokens;
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| user_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
| action | varchar(30) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | | | | select,insert,update,references | |
| value | varchar(40) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | UNI | | | select,insert,update,references | |
| created_on | datetime | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| updated_on | datetime | NULL | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show full columns from redmine.wikis;
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| project_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| start_page | varchar(255) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| status | int(11) | NULL | NO | | 1 | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
- 修改redmine数据库中tokens表的action字段的字符集编码为utf8
mysql> alter table tokens modify action varchar(30) character set utf8;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show full columns from redmine.tokens;
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| user_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
| action | varchar(30) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| value | varchar(40) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | UNI | | | select,insert,update,references | |
| created_on | datetime | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| updated_on | datetime | NULL | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
- 修改wikis表的字符集编码
mysql> alter table wikis convert to character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show full columns from redmine.wikis;
+------------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| project_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| start_page | varchar(255) | utf8_general_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| status | int(11) | NULL | NO | | 1 | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
- 修改整个数据库的字符集编码格式
mysql> alter database redmine default character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> show create database redmine;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| redmine | CREATE DATABASE `redmine` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
但是需要注意，并未对其他表进行convert，比如可以看到tokens表中的value字段仍为latin1的设定。
mysql> show full columns from redmine.tokens;
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| user_id | int(11) | NULL | NO | MUL | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
| action | varchar(30) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| value | varchar(40) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | UNI | | | select,insert,update,references | |
| created_on | datetime | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| updated_on | datetime | NULL | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
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