c语言接口与实现--原子atom章节例子程序的理解

    以前听说过c语言有四书五经，同事推荐的《C语言接口与实现-创建可重用软件的技术》，刚接触就有点懵圈，作为菜鸟的看不懂，于是每一章节重复的看，代码一条条的过。对于第二章原子，目前只能做到了解皮毛，这里记录下来以备查阅和后续补充。源代码从博主Character_Painter的文章中扒过来的，如果有侵权请联系。附上链接http://blog.csdn.net/javagoingon/article/details/51107102。

    

    atom.h头文件，比较简单，无需注释

#ifndef ATOM_INCLUDED
#define ATOM_INCLUDED
extern int Atom_length(const char *str);
extern const char *Atom_new (const char *str, int len);
extern const char *Atom_string(const char *str);
extern const char *Atom_int (long n);
#endif

atom.c源文件

#include<stdio.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#define LONG_MAX1 1000   // 在limits.h中LONG_MAX 2147483647L LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX-1)，
#define LONG_MIN1 100
#define NELEMS(x) ((sizeof (x))/(sizeof ((x)[0]))) // 计算数组长度的方法，但数组元素作为函数参数时，此方法不可用。
static struct atom {    
    struct atom *link;    
    int len;    
    char *str;
} *buckets[2048];
// 定义了一个长度为2048的指针数组，每个元素是atom *
// 散列数组，用于计算hash表的key值，作为buckets的下标索引值，这个理解的不深....
static unsigned long scatter[] ={    2078917053, 143302914, 1027100827, 1953210302, 755253631, 2002600785,    1405390230, 45248011, 1099951567, 433832350, 2018585307, 438263339,    813528929, 1703199216, 618906479, 573714703, 766270699, 275680090,    1510320440, 1583583926, 1723401032, 1965443329, 1098183682, 1636505764,    980071615, 1011597961, 643279273, 1315461275, 157584038, 1069844923,    471560540, 89017443, 1213147837, 1498661368, 2042227746, 1968401469,    1353778505, 1300134328, 2013649480, 306246424, 1733966678, 1884751139,    744509763, 400011959, 1440466707, 1363416242, 973726663, 59253759,    1639096332, 336563455, 1642837685, 1215013716, 154523136, 593537720,    704035832, 1134594751, 1605135681, 1347315106, 302572379, 1762719719,    269676381, 774132919, 1851737163, 1482824219, 125310639, 1746481261,    1303742040, 1479089144, 899131941, 1169907872, 1785335569, 485614972,    907175364, 382361684, 885626931, 200158423, 1745777927, 1859353594,    259412182, 1237390611, 48433401, 1902249868, 304920680, 202956538,    348303940, 1008956512, 1337551289, 1953439621, 208787970, 1640123668,    1568675693, 478464352, 266772940, 1272929208, 1961288571, 392083579,    871926821, 1117546963, 1871172724, 1771058762, 139971187, 1509024645,    109190086, 1047146551, 1891386329, 994817018, 1247304975, 1489680608,    706686964, 1506717157, 579587572, 755120366, 1261483377, 884508252,    958076904, 1609787317, 1893464764, 148144545, 1415743291, 2102252735,    1788268214, 836935336, 433233439, 2055041154, 2109864544, 247038362,    299641085, 834307717, 1364585325, 23330161, 457882831, 1504556512,    1532354806, 567072918, 404219416, 1276257488, 1561889936, 1651524391,    618454448, 121093252, 1010757900, 1198042020, 876213618, 124757630,    2082550272, 1834290522, 1734544947, 1828531389, 1982435068, 1002804590,    1783300476, 1623219634, 1839739926, 69050267, 1530777140, 1802120822,    316088629, 1830418225, 488944891, 1680673954, 1853748387, 946827723,    1037746818, 1238619545, 1513900641, 1441966234, 367393385, 928306929,    946006977, 985847834, 1049400181, 1956764878, 36406206, 1925613800,    2081522508, 2118956479, 1612420674, 1668583807, 1800004220, 1447372094,    523904750, 1435821048, 923108080, 216161028, 1504871315, 306401572,    2018281851, 1820959944, 2136819798, 359743094, 1354150250, 1843084537,    1306570817, 244413420, 934220434, 672987810, 1686379655, 1301613820,    1601294739, 484902984, 139978006, 503211273, 294184214, 176384212,    281341425, 228223074, 147857043, 1893762099, 1896806882, 1947861263,    1193650546, 273227984, 1236198663, 2116758626, 489389012, 593586330,    275676551, 360187215, 267062626, 265012701, 719930310, 1621212876,    2108097238, 2026501127, 1865626297, 894834024, 552005290, 1404522304,    48964196, 5816381, 1889425288, 188942202, 509027654, 36125855,    365326415, 790369079, 264348929, 513183458, 536647531, 13672163,    313561074, 1730298077, 286900147, 1549759737, 1699573055, 776289160,    2143346068, 1975249606, 1136476375, 262925046, 92778659, 1856406685,    1884137923, 53392249, 1735424165, 1602280572};
//创建字符串的原子节点,添加到buckets中的桶中去，通过计算得到hash的h值添加到对应的原子atom列表中，如果已经存在此str内容，则直接返回已存在的节点内容。
const char * Atom_new(const char *str, int len)
{    
    unsigned long h;    
    int i;    
    struct atom *p;    
    assert(str);    
    assert(len >= 0);    
    for (h = 0, i = 0; i < len; i++)    
    { 
        h = (h << 1) + scatter[(unsigned char)str[i]];  
    }    
    h &= NELEMS(buckets) - 1; 
    // 计算出hash索引值，落在0-2047中
    // buckets[h]为链表头，对每个节点p进行判断，看内容是否与传入参数str相同，直到找到或者p=NULL    
    for (p = buckets[h]; p; p = p->link)    
    { 
        if (len == p->len)       
        {          
            for (i = 0; i < len && p->str[i] == str[i];) //从0开始挨个比对节点p->str中的元素与传入参数str中的元素是否相等，如果相等比对一下个i          {             
            i++;  
        }         
        if (i == len)            
         // 如果i==len,证明p->str中的内容与传入的str完全一致，不用重新new一个，直接返回p->str指针          
        {             
            return p->str;  
        }       
	}        
	// 如果在节点中未找到对应的str内容，则重新分配空间new一个，这里分配了atom原子结构体长度+len+1,atom结钩体是每个节点的表头    
	// 包含struct atom *link, int len和char * str,如果是32位系统则长度是12，可以通过sizeof(*p)或者NELEMS打印确认，    
	// 长度len是传入参数str内容的长度，+1是结尾补充'\0'的分配的1字节空间    
	p = malloc(sizeof (*p) + len + 1);     
	p->len = len;  
	p->str = (char *)(p + 1); 
	// p+1的值刚好是跳过表头12的地址，即之前分配的len+1的空间，用于存储str的内容。    
	if (len > 0)       
	{
	 memcpy(p->str, str, len);   
	}
	
	 
	p->str[len] = '\0';    p->link = buckets[h]; 
	// 将新创建的节点插入到buckets[h]的链表中，插入方式为替换链表head节点，新建单元作为head   
	buckets[h] = p;    
	return p->str;
}
const char *Atom_int(long n) 
{    
    char str[43];// 书中解释了43为魔数，暂时没有去了解，这样的设计思路值得借鉴    
    char *s = str + sizeof(str);    unsigned long m;    
    // 简单一点就是需要处理有符号书，比如char的范围是-128~127，CHAR_MIN=-128 CHAR_MAX=127, 则如果n=-128, m=127+1,然后转换为字符串后再加上‘-’号    // 此处用的是long道理一样，int和char型小于范围小于long，所以如果遇到-128直接执行m=-n;    
    // 符号'-'在do while循环中不好处理，单独通过if(n<0)来判断，补充上符号。    
    if (n == LONG_MIN) 
    {
	    m = LONG_MAX + 1UL;
    }else if (n < 0) 
    {
	    m = -n; 
    }else  
    {
	    m = n;
    }	
    
    do{
	   *--s = m % 10 + '0';  
    }while ((m /= 10) > 0);
    
	if (n < 0)  
    {
        *--s = '-';
    }	
	    
	return Atom_new(s, (str + sizeof(str) - s));
}
	// string类型的new，简单不解释
const char *Atom_string(const char *str) 
{    
	assert(str);    
	return Atom_new(str, strlen(str));
}
	// 遍历查找对应str的长度，不清楚这样做的含义，为啥直接计算str的长度？
int Atom_length(const char *str) 
{    
    struct atom *p;    
	int i;    
	assert(str);    
	for (i = 0; i < NELEMS(buckets); i++) 
	{
	    for (p = buckets[i]; p; p = p->link)   
	    if (p->str == str)  
        {
	        return p->len;
        }	
	}
	    
	return 0;
}

int main()
{    
	  printf("%d\n",Atom1_length(Atom1_int(10000000)));    
	  return 0;
}