c语言接口与实现--内存管理章节理解，含实例

《c语言接口与实现–创建可重用软件技术》人邮版第5章–内存管理，本章节涉及到c语言的内存分配与回收，内存管理在c语言中尤为重要，如果处理不当，会造成内存泄漏甚至系统崩溃的严重问题。本章介绍了一种内存管理方法的实现。比较难懂，需要结合图形来理解。
书中给出了两个源码mem.c和memchk.c, mem.c为简单的实现，是一般的使用方式；memchk.c是本章的精髓，还是先上完整的代码，然后逐步阐述我对代码的理解，如有错误请指正。

mem.h，我的except.h放在公共的include里面，而且做成了libexcept.so，后续的章节基本都会用到这个异常库。

#ifndef MEM_INCLUDED
#define MEM_INCLUDED

#include "../../include/except.h"

extern const Except_T Mem_Failed;
extern void *Mem_alloc(long nbytes, const char *file, \
            int line);
extern void *Mem_calloc(long count, long nbytes,     \
            const char * file, int line);

extern void Mem_free(void *ptr, const char *file, int line);

extern void *Mem_resize(void *ptr, long nbytes, const char *file, int line);



#define ALLOC(nbytes)  \
        Mem_alloc((nbytes), __FILE__, __LINE__)

#define CALLOC(count, nbytes)   \
        Mem_calloc((count), (nbytes), __FILE__, __LINE__)

#define NEW(p)  ((p) = ALLOC((long)sizeof*(p)))

#define NEW0(p)  ((p) = CALLOC(1, (long)sizeof*(p)))

#define FREE(ptr)   ((void) (Mem_free((ptr),  \
        __FILE__, __LINE__), (ptr) = 0))

#define RESIZE(ptr, nbytes) ((ptr) = Mem_resize((ptr),  \
        (nbytes), __FILE__, __LINE__))



#endif

memchk.c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "assert.h"
#include "except.h"
#include "men.h"

// size 12 in 32bit system
union align 
{
    int i;
    long l;
    long *lp;
    void *p;
    void (*fp)(void);
    float f;
    double d;
    long double ld;
};

// get hash value [0,sizeof(t)/sizeof((t)[0]) - 1]
// if t = htab value [0,2046]
#define hash(p, t)  (((unsigned long) (p) >> 3) & \
        (sizeof (t)/sizeof((t)[0])-1))

// except info
const struct Except_T Mem_Failed = {
  "Allocation Failed"};

// mem list
static struct descriptor 
{
    struct descriptor *free;
    struct descriptor *link;
    const void *ptr;
    long size;
    const char *file;
    int line;
} *htab[2048];

// descriptor unit
static struct descriptor freelist = {&freelist};

static struct descriptor *find(const void *ptr)
{
    struct descriptor *bp = htab[hash(ptr, htab)];

    while( bp && bp->ptr != ptr )
    {
        bp = bp->link;
    }
    return bp;
}

void Mem_free(void *ptr, const char *file, int line) 
{
    if (ptr)
    {
        struct descriptor *bp;

        if (((unsigned long )ptr)%(sizeof(union align))!=0 \
                || (bp = find(ptr)) == NULL || bp->free)
        {
            Except_raise(&Assert_Failed, file,