DeepLearing学习笔记-Deep Neural Network在图像分类上的应用(第四周-作业2)

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-06 10:56:58 发布

JasonLiu1919

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-06 10:56:58 发布

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分类专栏：深度学习机器学习文章标签：神经网络深度学习 deep-learning

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ljp1919/article/details/78189033

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1- 准备工作：

需要预先安装的环境：

numpy
matplotlib
h5py
PIL 和scipy
dnn_app_utils是自定义的函数列表，该函数在上一次的作业中（Building your Deep Neural Network: Step by Step）有使用到。
np.random.seed(1) 是为了确保所有的随机函数在调用的时候具有一致性。

环境测试：

import time
import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy
from PIL import Image
from scipy import ndimage
from dnn_app_utils_v2 import *

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

np.random.seed(1)

2- 数据集

本文依旧是采用之前用过的猫分类的数据集(“data.h5”)：

m_train个训练样本。已经做标注cat (1) or non-cat (0)
m_test个测试样本，同样也做了标注。
每个图像的尺寸是 (num_px, num_px, 3) 其中3表示RGB通道。

数据加载和显示。
load_data函数的定义在附属的文件中：
train_x_orig, train_y, test_x_orig, test_y, classes = load_data() index = 7 plt.imshow(train_x_orig[index]) print ("y = " + str(train_y[0,index]) + ". It's a " + classes[train_y[0,index]].decode("utf-8") + " picture.")
输出结果：
y = 1. It's a cat picture.
这里写图片描述
可以改变index值，显示不同的图像。

获取数据集的尺寸信息：

# Explore your dataset 
m_train = train_x_orig.shape[0]
num_px = train_x_orig.shape[1]
m_test = test_x_orig.shape[0]

print ("Number of training examples: " + str(m_train))
print ("Number of testing examples: " + str(m_test))
print ("Each image is of size: (" + str(num_px) + ", " + str(num_px) + ", 3)")
print ("train_x_orig shape: " + str(train_x_orig.shape))
print ("train_y shape: " + str(train_y.shape))
print ("test_x_orig shape: " + str(test_x_orig.shape))
print ("test_y shape: " + str(test_y.shape))

输出结果：

Number of training examples: 209
Number of testing examples: 50
Each image is of size: (64, 64, 3)
train_x_orig shape: (209, 64, 64, 3)
train_y shape: (1, 209)
test_x_orig shape: (50, 64, 64, 3)
test_y shape: (1, 50)

同样，我们需要对图像进行reshape操作，使得每一张图像在输入矩阵上是一个列向量。
这里写图片描述

Figure 1: Image to vector conversion.

图像reshape操作：

# Reshape the training and test examples 
train_x_flatten = train_x_orig.reshape(train_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T   # The "-1" makes reshape flatten the remaining dimensions
test_x_flatten = test_x_orig.reshape(test_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T

# Standardize data to have feature values between 0 and 1.
train_x = train_x_flatten/255.
test_x = test_x_flatten/255.

print ("train_x's shape: " + str(train_x.shape))
print ("test_x's shape: " + str(test_x.shape))

输出结果：

train_x's shape: (12288, 209)
test_x's shape: (12288, 50)

3- 模型框架

本文将创建2个模型，一个是双层的神经网络，一个是L层的神经网络。
在此基础上，可以对不同的L值模型进行对比。

3-1 双层神经网络

这里写图片描述

Figure 2: 2-layer neural network.
该模型可以简化为: INPUT -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID -> OUTPUT.

我们需要注意:

输入图像尺寸= (64,64,3) ，通过reshape操作之后变为 $(12288,1)$ 。
每个样本的输入形如: $[x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T$ ，该输入矩阵再与权重矩阵 $W^{[1]}$ （尺寸= $(n^{[1]}, 12288)$ ）相乘。
再加上偏移项，并输入到激活函数relu，其输出为 $[a_0^{[1]}, a_1^{[1]},..., a_{n^{[1]}-1}^{[1]}]^T$ .
将上述的输出结果和权重矩阵 $W^{[2]}$ 相乘，再加上对应的偏移项。
将上述结果输入到sigmoid的激活函数，当输出结果>0.5, 则认为是猫。

3.2 - L层神经网络

L层神经网络模型：
这里写图片描述

Figure 3: L-layer neural network.
该模型可以简化为: [LINEAR -> RELU] $\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID

我们需要注意:

输入尺寸为(64,64,3)的图像，还是先被扁平化为(12288,1)的向量。
扁平化的输入向量 $[x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T$ 再和权重矩阵 $W^{[1]}$ 想乘，结果在加上偏移量 $b^{[1]}$ 。这个过程称为linear unit。
紧接着将linear unit结果输入到relu激活函数。由于该层神经网络存在多个神经元，所以该步骤会对位于该层的神经元，都处理一次。对应的权重矩阵为 $(W^{[l]}, b^{[l]})$ 。
最后，将最终输出的 linear unit输入到sigmoid的激活函数，如果该激活函数的输出结果值>0.5，则视为是猫。

3.3 - 通用模型

我们一般是采用以下方法进行建模：

1. 参数初始化 / 定义超参数
2. 进行一定多次的迭代:
    a. 前向传播
    b. 计算代价函数
    c. 后向传播
    d. 参数更新 
4. 采用训练得到的参数做预测

4- 双层神经网络

我们已经知道双层神经网络的模型是LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
结合之前的学习，我们需要以下的一些操作：

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
    ...
    return parameters 
def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
    ...
    return A, cache
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
    ...
    return cost
def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
    ...
    return dA_prev, dW, db
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
    ...
    return parameters

这些函数在之前都已经实现，在此不再详细说明。

# GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_model

def two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):
    """
    Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID.

    Arguments:
    X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples)
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
    layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y)
    num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
    learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
    print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations 

    Returns:
    parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2
    """

    np.random.seed(1)
    grads = {}
    costs = []                              # to keep track of the cost
    m = X.shape[1]                           # number of examples
    (n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims

    # Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you'd previously implemented
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
    parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters.
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]

    # Loop (gradient descent)

    for i in range(0, num_iterations):

        # Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: "X, W1, b1". Output: "A1, cache1, A2, cache2".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X, W1, b1, activation = "relu")
        A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1, W2, b2, activation = "sigmoid")
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Compute cost
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        cost = compute_cost(A2, Y)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Initializing backward propagation
        dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))

        # Backward propagation. Inputs: "dA2, cache2, cache1". Outputs: "dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2, cache2, activation = "sigmoid")
        dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1, cache1, activation = "relu")
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Set grads['dWl'] to dW1, grads['db1'] to db1, grads['dW2'] to dW2, grads['db2'] to db2
        grads['dW1'] = dW1
        grads['db1'] = db1
        grads['dW2'] = dW2
        grads['db2'] = db2

        # Update parameters.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code)
        parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters
        W1 = parameters["W1"]
        b1 = parameters["b1"]
        W2 = parameters["W2"]
        b2 = parameters["b2"]

        # Print the cost every 100 training example
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, np.squeeze(cost)))
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            costs.append(cost)

    # plot the cost

    plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
    plt.ylabel('cost')
    plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
    plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
    plt.show()

    return parameters

测试代码：

n_x = 12288# num_px * num_px * 3
n_h = 7
n_y = 1
layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y)
parameters = two_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y), num_iterations = 2500, print_cost=True)

测试代码运行结果：

Cost after iteration 0: 0.6930497356599888
Cost after iteration 100: 0.6464320953428849
Cost after iteration 200: 0.6325140647912677
Cost after iteration 300: 0.6015024920354665
Cost after iteration 400: 0.5601966311605747
Cost after iteration 500: 0.5158304772764729
Cost after iteration 600: 0.47549013139433255
Cost after iteration 700: 0.43391631512257495
Cost after iteration 800: 0.4007977536203886
Cost after iteration 900: 0.3580705011323798
Cost after iteration 1000: 0.3394281538366412
Cost after iteration 1100: 0.3052753636196264
Cost after iteration 1200: 0.2749137728213015
Cost after iteration 1300: 0.24681768210614846
Cost after iteration 1400: 0.19850735037466108
Cost after iteration 1500: 0.17448318112556654
Cost after iteration 1600: 0.17080762978096023
Cost after iteration 1700: 0.11306524562164728
Cost after iteration 1800: 0.09629426845937154
Cost after iteration 1900: 0.08342617959726861
Cost after iteration 2000: 0.07439078704319084
Cost after iteration 2100: 0.06630748132267932
Cost after iteration 2200: 0.05919329501038171
Cost after iteration 2300: 0.053361403485605564
Cost after iteration 2400: 0.04855478562877018

这里写图片描述
Figure 4: 代价函数随着迭代次数的变化

完成2层神经网络模型训练之后，可以进行预测操作：
predictions_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)
运行结果：
Accuracy: 1.0
对于测试数据集：
predictions_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)
准确率为Accuracy: 0.72
这高于之前的逻辑回归70%的分类结果。
在模型训练过程中，如果迭代次数少些，如1500，则测试数据集的准确率更高，这是所谓的early stopping，这可以有效地防止过拟合。

5- L层神经网络

模型可以简化为：[LINEAR -> RELU]××(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID
在L层神经网络实现过程中，我们会用到之前编写的函数：

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):
    ...
    return parameters 
def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
    ...
    return AL, caches
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
    ...
    return cost
def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
    ...
    return grads
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
    ...
    return parameters

代码实现：

# GRADED FUNCTION: L_layer_model

def L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009
    """
    Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID.

    Arguments:
    X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3)
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
    layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1).
    learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
    num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
    print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 steps

    Returns:
    parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
    """

    np.random.seed(1)
    costs = []                         # keep track of cost

    # Parameters initialization.
    ### START CODE HERE ###
    parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims)#参数初始化
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Loop (gradient descent)
    for i in range(0, num_iterations):

        # Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Compute cost.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        cost = compute_cost(AL, Y)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Backward propagation.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Update parameters.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Print the cost every 100 training example
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            costs.append(cost)

    # plot the cost
    plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
    plt.ylabel('cost')
    plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
    plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
    plt.show()

    return parameters

测试代码：

layers_dims = [12288, 20, 7, 5, 1] #  5-layer model
parameters = L_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims, num_iterations = 2500, print_cost = True)

运行结果如下：

Cost after iteration 0: 0.771749
Cost after iteration 100: 0.672053
Cost after iteration 200: 0.648263
Cost after iteration 300: 0.611507
Cost after iteration 400: 0.567047
Cost after iteration 500: 0.540138
Cost after iteration 600: 0.527930
Cost after iteration 700: 0.465477
Cost after iteration 800: 0.369126
Cost after iteration 900: 0.391747
Cost after iteration 1000: 0.315187
Cost after iteration 1100: 0.272700
Cost after iteration 1200: 0.237419
Cost after iteration 1300: 0.199601
Cost after iteration 1400: 0.189263
Cost after iteration 1500: 0.161189
Cost after iteration 1600: 0.148214
Cost after iteration 1700: 0.137775
Cost after iteration 1800: 0.129740
Cost after iteration 1900: 0.121225
Cost after iteration 2000: 0.113821
Cost after iteration 2100: 0.107839
Cost after iteration 2200: 0.102855
Cost after iteration 2300: 0.100897
Cost after iteration 2400: 0.092878

这里写图片描述

对训练集进行预测：
pred_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)
输出的准确率：
Accuracy: 0.985645933014

对测试数据集进行预测：
pred_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)
输出的准确率：
Accuracy: 0.8

至此，我们完成5层神经网络的训练和预测，从结果可以看出测试数据集80%的准确率比双层神经网络的72%要更好。在后续，通过对超参数的优化，我们可以进一步提高准确率。

6- 结果分析

我们先来看下，上述L层模型中分错的结果：

def print_mislabeled_images(classes, X, y, p):
    """
    Plots images where predictions and truth were different.
    X -- dataset
    y -- true labels
    p -- predictions
    """
    a = p + y
    mislabeled_indices = np.asarray(np.where(a == 1))
    plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (40.0, 40.0) # set default size of plots
    num_images = len(mislabeled_indices[0])
    for i in range(num_images):
        index = mislabeled_indices[1][i]

        plt.subplot(2, num_images, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(X[:,index].reshape(64,64,3), interpolation='nearest')
        plt.axis('off')
        plt.title("Prediction: " + classes[int(p[0,index])].decode("utf-8") + " \n Class: " + classes[y[0,index]].decode("utf-8"))

print_mislabeled_images(classes, test_x, test_y, pred_test)

运行结果：
这里写图片描述

从中我们可以看出这些图像的一些特性：

当猫的身体部分位于非常见位置时
当猫背景和猫的毛色相近时
猫颜色不常见或者猫本身的品种少见时
相机角度的影响
图像的亮度
比例误差 (猫在图像中的比例过大或者过小)

7- 在自己的数据集上测试

代码如下：

## START CODE HERE ##
my_image = "my_image1.jpg" # change this to the name of your image file 
my_label_y = [1] # the true class of your image (1 -> cat, 0 -> non-cat)
## END CODE HERE ##

fname = "images/" + my_image
image = np.array(ndimage.imread(fname, flatten=False))
my_image = scipy.misc.imresize(image, size=(num_px,num_px)).reshape((num_px*num_px*3,1))
my_predicted_image = predict(my_image, my_label_y, parameters)

plt.imshow(image)
print ("y = " + str(np.squeeze(my_predicted_image)) + ", your L-layer model predicts a \"" + classes[int(np.squeeze(my_predicted_image)),].decode("utf-8") +  "\" picture.")

运行结果如下：

Accuracy: 1.0
y = 1.0, your L-layer model predicts a "cat" picture.

这里写图片描述

8- 参考：

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1907993/autoreload-of-modules-in-ipython

JasonLiu1919

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