【Hibernate】Hibernate查询语言HQL详解

常用的HQL语句

HQL: Hibernate Query Language.

特点：
1，与SQL相似，SQL中的语法基本上都可以直接使用。
2，SQL查询的是表和表中的列；HQL查询的是对象与对象中的属性。
3，HQL的关键字不区分大小写，类名与属性名是区分大小写的。
4，SELECT可以省略.

1，简单的查询

Employee为实体名而不是数据库中的表名(面向对象特性)

hql = "FROM Employee";
hql = "FROM Employee AS e"; // 使用别名
hql = "FROM Employee e"; // 使用别名，as关键字可省略

2，带上过滤条件的（可以使用别名）：Where

hql = "FROM Employee WHERE id<10";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 AND e.id>5";

3，带上排序条件的：Order By

hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC, id ASC";

4，指定select子句（不可以使用select *）

hql = "SELECT e FROM Employee e"; // 相当于"FROM Employee e"
hql = "SELECT e.name FROM Employee e"; // 只查询一个列，返回的集合的元素类型就是这个属性的类型
hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name FROM Employee e"; // 查询多个列，返回的集合的元素类型是Object数组
hql = "SELECT new Employee(e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e"; // 可以使用new语法，指定把查询出的部分属性封装到对象中

5，执行查询

获得结果（list、uniqueResult、分页 ）

Query query = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e WHERE id<3");
query.setFirstResult(0);
query.setMaxResults(10); // 等同于 limit 0,10
两种查询结果list、uniqueResult
 List list = query.list(); // 查询的结果是一个List集合
Employee employee = (Employee) query.uniqueResult();// 查询的结果是唯一的一个结果，当结果有多个，就会抛异常

6，方法链

List list = session.createQuery(
        "FROM Employee e")
        .setFirstResult(0)
        .setMaxResults(10)
        .list();

7，聚集函数

count(), max(), min(), avg(), sum()

hql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是Long型的
hql = "SELECT min(id) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是id属性的类型

8，分组: Group By … Having

hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e WHERE id<9 GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) " + 
     "FROM Employee e " + 
     "WHERE id<9 " + 
     "GROUP BY e.name " + 
     "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + 
     "ORDER BY count(e.id) ASC";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) AS c " + 
     "FROM Employee e " + 
     "WHERE id<9 " + 
     "GROUP BY e.name " + 
     "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // 在having子句中不能使用列别名
     "ORDER BY c ASC"; // 在orderby子句中可以使用列别名

9，连接查询

HQL是面向对象的查询

内连接（inner关键字可以省略）

 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e JOIN e.department d";
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e INNER JOIN e.department d";

左外连接（outer关键字可以省略）

 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN e.department d";

右外连接（outer关键字可以省略）

 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT JOIN e.department d";
 //可以使用更方便的方法
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,e.department.name FROM Employee e";

10，查询时使用参数

方式一：使用’?’占位

 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN ? AND ?";
 List list2 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameter(0, 5)// 设置参数，第1个参数的索引为0。
     .setParameter(1, 15)
     .list();

方式二：使用变量名

 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN :idMin AND :idMax";
 List list3 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameter("idMax", 15)
     .setParameter("idMin", 5)
     .list();

// 当参数是集合时，一定要使用setParameterList()设置参数值
 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id IN (:ids)";
 List list4 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameterList("ids", new Object[] { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 100 })
     .list();

11，update与delete，不会通知Session缓存

Update

int result = session.createQuery(
        "UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id>15")
        .setParameter(0, "无名氏")
        .executeUpdate(); // 返回int型的结果，表示影响了多少行。

Delete

int result1 = session.createQuery(//
        "DELETE FROM Employee e WHERE id>15")
        .executeUpdate(); // 返回int型的结果，表示影响了多少行。

工具类：将HQL语句转换为SQL语句

/**
* 将hql 语句转换为sql语句
* @param hql 要转换的 hql语句
*/
public String transHqlToSql(String hql){

     SessionFactoryImpl sfi = (SessionFactoryImpl)awMixThrProDao.getSessionD().getSessionFactory();
    QueryTranslatorFactory qtf = sfi.getSettings().getQueryTranslatorFactory();
    FilterTranslator qt = qtf.createFilterTranslator(hql, hql, null, sfi);
    qt.compile( null, false );
    System. out.println(" hql==>sql:  " +qt.getSQLString());
    return qt.getSQLString();
}

HQL生成工具类

/**
 * 根据实体构建hql 语句
 * @author lxl
 * @createTime 2013-05 -10 16:00
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class BuildHqlUtil {
    /**
     * 根据实体生成对应的hql语句，对象中具有值的属性将成为查询的限制条件部分<br/>
     * 其中，对于String类型的属性是 like 判断的，以其开头的：like '[value]%'
     * @param entity
     * @return
     */
    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked")
    public static String buildSelectStr(Object entity) {
        return buildSelectStr(entity, null);
    }

    /**
     * 根据实体生成有字段限制的 hql语句，对象中具有值的属性将成为查询的限制条件部分<br/>
     * 其中，对于String类型的属性是 like 判断的，以其开头的：like '[value]%'
     * @param entity
     * @param queryFields 数组形式的查询字段：select xxx,xxx ...
     * @return
     */
    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked")
    public static String buildSelectStr(Object entity, String[] queryFields) {
        if (entity == null) {
            try {
                throw new Exception("实体不能为null");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                return null ;
            }
        }
        Class clazz = entity.getClass();
        String hqlStr = "";
        try {
            Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
            Field.setAccessible(fields, true);
            hqlStr = getFieldMsg(fields, queryFields) + getWhereMsg(entity, fields, queryFields);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return hqlStr;
    }

    /**
     * 构建查询字段
     * @param fields
     * @param queryFields
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    private static String getFieldMsg(Field[] fields, String[] queryFields)
            throws Exception {
        String selectStr = "";
        int i, j;
        if (queryFields != null && queryFields.length != 0) {
            selectStr = "select ";
            for (i = 0; i < queryFields.length ; i++) {
                if (!"" .equals(queryFields[i])) {
                    boolean flag = false;
                    for (j = 0; j < fields.length; j++) {
                        if (queryFields[i].equals(fields[j].getName())) {
                            flag = true;
                        }
                    }
                    if (flag) {
                        selectStr += queryFields[i] + ",";
                    } else {
                        throw new Exception("实体中不存在该字段：" + queryFields[i]);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ("select " .equals(selectStr)) {
                selectStr = "";
            } else {
                selectStr = selectStr.substring(0, selectStr.length() - 1)
                        + " ";
            }
        }
        return selectStr;
    }

    /**
     * 构建查询条件
     *
     * @param entity
     * @param fields
     * @param queryFields
     * @return
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     * @throws IllegalAccessException
     */
    private static String getWhereMsg(Object entity, Field[] fields, String[] queryFields)
            throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException {
        String whereStr = "from " + entity.getClass().getSimpleName() + " where 1=1";
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            if (fields[i].get(entity) == null || fields[i].get(entity).toString().trim().length() == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            String value = fields[i].get(entity).toString();
            String field = fields[i].getName();
            if (isNum(fields[i].getType().getName())) {
                whereStr += " and " + field + "=" + value;
            } else {
                whereStr += " and " + field + " like '" + value + "%'";
            }
        }
        return whereStr;
    }

    /**
     * 判断是否为Integer，Double，Float等数字类型，注意都是封装类型
     * @param fieldName
     * @return
     */
    private static boolean isNum(String fieldName) {
        boolean flag = false;
        if (fieldName.endsWith(".Integer" )
                || fieldName.endsWith( ".Double")
                || fieldName.endsWith( ".Float")
                || fieldName.endsWith( ".Long")
                || fieldName.endsWith( ".Number")
                || fieldName.endsWith( ".BigDecimal")) {
            flag = true;
        }
        return flag;
    }

}

一点注意

关于Hibernate执行带有join的HQL语句：

Query query = session.createQuery("select c from Custom as c join c.orders as ord where  ord.name = : name");
query.setString("name", "1213233");
List list = query.list();
for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++){
 Custom custom = (Custom)list.get(i);
}