HDOJ2586 How far away ---- Tarjan算法离线查询最近公共祖先（LCA）

题目链接http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php?pid=2586

Problem Description

There are n houses in the village and some bidirectional roads connecting them. Every day peole always like to ask like this "How far is it if I want to go from house A to house B"? Usually it hard to answer. But luckily int this village the answer is always unique, since the roads are built in the way that there is a unique simple path("simple" means you can't visit a place twice) between every two houses. Yout task is to answer all these curious people.

 

 

Input

First line is a single integer T(T<=10), indicating the number of test cases.
  For each test case,in the first line there are two numbers n(2<=n<=40000) and m (1<=m<=200),the number of houses and the number of queries. The following n-1 lines each consisting three numbers i,j,k, separated bu a single space, meaning that there is a road connecting house i and house j,with length k(0<k<=40000).The houses are labeled from 1 to n.
  Next m lines each has distinct integers i and j, you areato answer the distance between house i and house j.

 

 

Output

For each test case,output m lines. Each line represents the answer of the query. Output a bland line after each test case.

 

 

Sample Input

2 3 2 1 2 10 3 1 15 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 100 1 2 2 1

 

 

Sample Output

10 25 100 100

 题意：

给定一个带权的树（双向），节点编号1...n，询问2个节点之间的最近距离。

t组测试数据。  每组数据先给定n,m表示n个点m次询问。

接下来n-1行，表示n-1条边，每条边给定a,b,c，表示a,b边权值为c。

题解：

这题是为了学LCA学的，LCA是最近公共祖先问题，分为离线和在线查询两种，离线查询一般用Tarjan算法比较高效，在线算法则使用ST倍增。  ST倍增以前稍微看过一下，个人感觉比较难以理解，相比之下tarjan则好理解很多。

关于tarjan算法可以参考 https://www.cnblogs.com/JVxie/p/4854719.html ， 个人感觉在学过DFS和并查集的前提下半个多小时足够搞懂了。

这个题因为是第一次敲tarjan，对建树之类的不太熟悉，所以大致是跟着网上找的模板写的。大体思路就是，任意找一个节点作为根，采用邻接表的方式按有向图存储树。

用dis数组记录每个节点到根节点的距离，vis标记节点的访问情况（避免递归的时候走回头路）。因为在树上一个节点，网上找其任意一个祖先节点，路径只有一条。 所以找2个节点的最短路，这2个节点肯定有1个最近的公共祖先，这个祖先分别到2个节点的距离之和就是最短路。 所以如果求s,t的距离，则结果result = dis[s] + dis[t] -2*dis[LCA(s,t)].

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#define MAXN 44000
using namespace std;
int n,m;
bool visited[MAXN]; // 标记某个节点是否访问过
bool handled[MAXN]; // 标记tarjan
int dis[MAXN];  // 到根节点距离
int pre[MAXN];  // 并查集中的父节点
int result[MAXN];
struct Node {
  int to,weight;  
};
vector<Node> graph[MAXN];
vector<int> query[MAXN],number[MAXN]; //询问，询问的编号
// 路径压缩查找祖先节点
int Find(int x) {
    if(pre[x] == x) return x;
    return pre[x] = Find(pre[x]);
}

// 初始化
void Init() {
   memset(dis,0,sizeof(dis));
   memset(visited,0,sizeof(visited));
   memset(handled,0,sizeof(handled));
   for(int i = 0;i <= n;i++) {
       graph[i].clear(); // 清空图
       query[i].clear(); 
       number[i].clear(); 
       pre[i] = i;
   }
}

void Tarjan(int root,int len) {
    dis[root] = len;
    visited[root] = true;
    int size = graph[root].size();  // 邻接节点数
    for(int i = 0;i < size;i++) {
        if(visited[graph[root][i].to]) continue;
        Tarjan(graph[root][i].to, len+graph[root][i].weight);
        pre[graph[root][i].to] = root; // 合并节点
    }
    // 处理与根节点相关的询问
    size = query[root].size();
    for(int i = 0;i < size;i++) {
        if(handled[number[root][i]]) 
            result[number[root][i]] = dis[root] + dis[query[root][i]] - 2*dis[Find(query[root][i])];
        handled[number[root][i]] = true;
    }
}

int main()
{
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--) {        
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        Init();
        int a,b,c;
        // 输入边
        for(int i = 1;i < n;i++) {
            scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
            graph[a].push_back((Node){b,c});
            graph[b].push_back((Node){a,c});
        }
        // m次询问
        for(int i = 0;i < m;i++) {
            scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
            query[a].push_back(b);
            number[a].push_back(i);
            query[b].push_back(a);
            number[b].push_back(i);
        }
    
        Tarjan(1,0);
        for(int i = 0;i < m;i++)
        	printf("%d\n",result[i]);
        	
    }
    
    return 0;
}