高数 03.04函数的单调性与曲线的凹凸性

$\color{blue}{第三章 第四节 函数的单调性与曲线的凹凸性}$

$\color{blue}{一、函数的单调性的判别法则}$

$定理1.设函数f(x)在开区间I内可导,若f^{\prime}(x) > 0{\color{green}{(f^{\prime}(x) < 0)}},则f(x)在I内单调递增{\color{green}{(递减)}}$
$证：无妨设f^{\prime}(x) > 0, x \in I, 任取x_1, x_2 \in I(x_1 < x_2) \\ 由拉格朗日中值定理得\\ f(x_2) - f(x_1) = f^{\prime}(\xi)(x_2 - x_1) > 0 \\ \quad \xi \in (x_1, x_2) \subset I \\ 故 f(x_1) < f(x_2),说明f(x)在I内单调递增$

$例1.确定函数f(x) = 2x^3 - 9x^2 + 12x - 3的单调区间.$
$解：f^{\prime}(x) = 6x^2 - 18x + 12 \\ = 6(x - 1)(x - 2) \\ 令f^{\prime}(x) = 0，得x_1 = 1, x_2 = 2\\ 当x < 1, f^{\prime}(x) > 0, \\ 当x > 2, f^{\prime}(x) > 0, \\ 当1 < x < 2, f^{\prime}(x) < 0, \\ 故f(x)的单调增区间为(-\infty, 1), (2, +\infty); \\ f(x)的单调减区间为(1, 2).$
$说明：\\ 1)单调区间的分界点除驻点以外,也可是导数不存在的点. \\ 例如，y = \sqrt[3]{x^2}, x \in (-\infty, +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = \dfrac{2}{3\sqrt[3]{x}} \\ \left. y^{\prime} \right|_{x = 0} = \infty \\ 2)如果函数在某驻点两边的导数同号,则不改变函数的单调性. \\ 例如，y = x^3, x \in (-\infty, +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 \\ \left. y^{\prime} \right|_{x = 0} = 0$

$例2.证明 0 < x \leq \dfrac{\pi}{2}时,成立不等式\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} \geq \dfrac{2}{\pi}.$
$证：\\ 设函数f(x) = \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} - \dfrac{2}{\pi} \\ 则f(x)在(0, \dfrac{\pi}{2}]上连续,在(0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})上可导,且\\ f^{\prime}(x) = \dfrac{x \cos{x} - \sin{x}}{x^2} = \dfrac{\cos{x}}{x^2}(x - \tan{x}) \\ 设\varphi(x) = x - \tan{x}, \quad x \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2}) \\ \varphi^{\prime}(x) = 1 - sec^2{x} \\ = -tan^2{x} < 0 , x \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2}) \\ \therefore \varphi(x) \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})上递减,从而 \\ \varphi(x) < \varphi(0) = 0 \\ 在(0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})上\cos{x} > 0, x^2 > 0,(x - \tan{x}) < 0,\\ \therefore f^{\prime}(x) =\dfrac{\cos{x}}{x^2}(x - \tan{x}) < 0, x \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2}) \\ \therefore f(x)在(0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})内单调递减,\\ 又f(x)在\dfrac{\pi}{2}处做连续,因此f(x) \geq f(\dfrac{\pi}{2}) = 0 \\ f(x) = \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} - \dfrac{2}{\pi} \geq 0 \\ \therefore \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} \geq \dfrac{2}{\pi}$

$\color{blue}{二、曲线的凹凸与拐点}$

$定义.设函数f(x)的区间I上连续,\forall x_1, x_2 \in I,\\ (1)若恒有f(\dfrac{x_1 + x_2}{2}) < \dfrac{f(x_1) + f(x_2)}{2},则称f(x)的图形是凹的; \\ (2)若恒有f(\dfrac{x_1 + x_2}{2}) > \dfrac{f(x_1) + f(x_2)}{2},则称f(x)的图形是凸的;\\ 连续曲线上有切线的凹凸分界点称为拐点.$

$定理2.(凹凸判断法)设函数f(x)在区间I上有二阶导数,\\ (1)在I内f^{\prime \prime}(x) > 0， 则f(x)在I内图形是凹的;\\ (2)在I内f^{\prime \prime}(x) < 0， 则f(x)在I内图形是凸的;$
$此定理证明用到了泰勒展开公式$

$例3.判断曲线 y = x^4的凹凸性.$
$解：y^{\prime} = 4x^3,y^{\prime \prime} = 12x^2 \\ 当x \neq 0时,y^{\prime \prime} > 0;当x = 0时,y^{\prime \prime} = 0 \\ 故曲线y = x^4在(-\infty, +\infty)上是向上凹的.$
$说明：\\ 1)若在某点二阶导数为0，在其两侧二阶导数不变号，则曲线的凹凸性不变.\\ 2)根据拐点的定义及上述定理,可得拐点的判别法如下：\\ 若曲线y = f(x)在点x_0处连续,f^{\prime \prime}(x_0) = 0或不存在,\\ 但f^{\prime \prime}(x) 在x_0两侧异号,则点(x_0, f(x_0))是曲线y = f(x)的一个拐点.$

$例4.求曲线y = \sqrt[3]{x}的拐点.$
$解：\\ y^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{3} x^{-\frac{2}{3}} \\ y^{\prime \prime} = -\dfrac{2}{9}x^{-\frac{5}{3}} = -\dfrac{2}{9}\dfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x^5}}\\ \left. y^{\prime \prime} \right|_{x = 0} 不存在,且 \\ 当x < 0时, y^{\prime \prime} > 0, y向上凹;\\ 当x > 0时, y^{\prime \prime} < 0, y向上凸;\\ y^{\prime \prime}在x = 0两侧异号,\\ 故点(0, 0)是y = \sqrt[3]{x}的拐点.$

$例5.求曲线y = 3x^4 - 4x^3 + 1的凹凸区间及拐点.$
$解：\\ 1)求y^{\prime \prime}: \\ y ^{\prime} = 12x^3 - 12x^2 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 36x^2 - 24x = 36x(x - \dfrac{2}{3})\\ 2)求拐点可疑点坐标\\ y^{\prime \prime} = 36x(x - \dfrac{2}{3}) = 0 \\ x_1 = 0, x_2 = \dfrac{2}{3}; \\ 对应 y_1 = 1, y_2 = \dfrac{11}{27} \\ 当x \in (0, \dfrac{2}{3})时y^{\prime \prime} < 0,y是向上凸的; \\ 当x \in (-\infty, 0) 及 x \in (\dfrac{2}{3}, +\infty)时y^{\prime \prime} > 0,y是向上凹的. y^{\prime \prime}在(0, 1), (\dfrac{2}{3}, \dfrac{11}{27})处两边异号,为拐点.$

内容小结
$1.可导函数单调性判别\\ f^{\prime}(x) > 0, x \in I \Longrightarrow f(x)在I上单调递增. \\ f^{\prime}(x) < 0, x \in I \Longrightarrow f(x)在I上单调递减. \\ 2.曲线凹凸性与拐点的判别\\ f^{\prime \prime}(x) > 0, x \in I \Longrightarrow 曲线y = f(x)在I上向上凹\\ f^{\prime \prime}(x) < 0, x \in I \Longrightarrow 曲线y = f(x)在I上向上凸\\ 拐点–连续曲线上有切点的凹凸分界点.$