线性代数 01.02 n阶行列式的性质

$\color{blue}{第一章 第二节 n阶行列式的性质}$

$\quad 有了n阶行列式的定义，我们就可以计算n阶行列式，\\在计算几种特殊行列式的过程中，发现直接用定义非常麻烦。\\ \quad 当行列式的阶数较高时，计算是十分困难的，为了简化\\n阶行列式的计算，我们这一节主要研究行列式的性质。$

$\color{blue}{一、转置行列式}$

$把行列式的行换成同序数的列而的到的行列式而\\ 得到的行列式称为原行列式的转置行列式。即$
$D= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$

$D^T= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{21} & \cdots & a_{n1} \\ a_{12} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{n2} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{1n} & a_{2n} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$

$D^T = numpy.transpose(D)$

$\color{blue}{二、行列式的性质}$

$性质1.行列式与它的转置行列式相等.$
证:设
$D= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$
$D^T= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{21} & \cdots & a_{n1} \\ a_{12} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{n2} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{1n} & a_{2n} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$
$显然：b_{ij} = a_{ji}(i, j = 1, 2, \cdots, n)\\ D^T = \sum (-1)^tb_{1p_1}b_{2p_2} \cdots b_{np_n} \\ = \sum(-1)^ta_{p_11}a_{p_22} \cdots a_{p_nn} \\ = D$
$\quad 由此性质可知，行列式的行与列具有相同的地位,\\ 行列式的性质凡是对行成立的对列也成立，反之亦然。$

$性质2.互换行列式的两行(列),行列式变号.$
证：设行列式D_1
$D_1= \begin{vmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} & \cdots & b_{1n} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} & \cdots & b_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ b_{n1} & b_{n2} & \cdots & b_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$
$是由行列式D变换i,j两行得到的，\\ 即当k \neq i,j时, b_{kp} = a_{kp} \\ 当k = i,j时,b_{ip} = a_{jp}, b_{jp} = a_{ip} \\ 于是\\ D_1 = \sum(-1)^t b_{1p_1} \cdots b_{ip_i} \cdots b_{jp_j} \cdots b_{np_n} \\ = \sum(-1)^t a_{1p_1} \cdots a_{jp_i} \cdots a_{ip_j} \cdots a_{np_n} \\ = \sum(-1)^t a_{1p_1} \cdots a_{ip_j} \cdots a_{jp_i} \cdots a_{np_n} \\ = -\sum(-1)^{t_1} a_{1p_1} \cdots a_{ip_i} \cdots a_{jp_j} \cdots a_{np_n} \\ = -D$
$推论:如果行列式有两行(列)完全相同，则此行列式等于零.$
$证：把相同的行互换，有D = -D,故 D = 0$

$性质3.行列式的某一列(行)中所有元素都乘以同一数,\\ 等于用此数乘此行列式.$
证明:设
$D= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & \cdots & a_{in} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$

$D_1= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ ka_{i1} & ka_{i2} & \cdots & ka_{in} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$
$D_1 = \sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2} \cdots ka_{ip_i} \cdots a_{np_n} \\ = k \sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2} \cdots a_{ip_i} \cdots a_{np_n} \\ = kD$
$推论：行列式中某一行(列)的所有元素的公因子\\ 可以提到行列式的外面.$
例如：
$\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 &5 \\ 2 & 6 & 7 \\ 4 & 9 & 11 \end{vmatrix} = 3 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 &5 \\ 2 & 2 & 7 \\ 4 & 3 & 11 \end{vmatrix}$

$性质4.行列式中如果有两行(列)元素成比例,则此行列式等于零.$
例如：
$\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 &5 \\ 2 & 6 & 7 \\ 2 & 6 & 10 \end{vmatrix} = 2 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 &5 \\ 2 & 6 & 7 \\ 1 & 3 & 5 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$性质5.行列式的某一列(行)的元素都是两个数之和,\\ 则D等于下列两个行列式之和：即.$
$D= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & \cdots & (a_{1i} + b_{1j}) & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & \cdots & (a_{2i} + b_{2j}) & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & \cdots & (a_{ni} + b_{nj}) & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & \cdots & a_{1i} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & \cdots & a_{2i} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & \cdots & a_{ni} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & \cdots & b_{1j} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & \cdots & b_{2j} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & \cdots & b_{nj} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}$

$性质6.把行列式的某一列(行)的各个元素乘以同\\ 一个自然数后加到另一列(行)对应的元素上去,\\ 行列式不变.$

例如：
$D = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} + ka_{11} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} + ka_{21} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} + ka_{31} \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\\ \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & ka_{11} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ka_{21} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & ka_{31} \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\\ \end{vmatrix} + k \times \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{11} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{21} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{31} \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\\ \end{vmatrix} + k \times 0$

$\color{blue}{三、用行列式的性质计算行列式}$

例1.计算
$D = \begin{vmatrix} 3 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ -5 & 1 &3 & -4 \\ 2 & 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 1 & -5 & 3 & -3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{c_1 \leftrightarrow c_2}{=} -\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 & 2 \\ 1 & -5 & 3 & -4 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & -1 \\ -5 & 1 & 3 & -3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{r_2 -r_1,r_4 + 5r_1}{=} -\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & -8 & 4 & -6 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 16 & -2 & 7 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{r_2 \leftrightarrow r_3}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & -8 & 4 & -6 \\ 0 & 16 & -2 & 7 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{r_3+4r_2, r_4 - 8r_2}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 8 & -10 \\ 0 & 0 & -10 & 15 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{c_4 + c_3}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 8 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & -10 & 5 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{c_3 + 2c_4}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 5 \\ \end{vmatrix} =1 \times 2 \times 4 \times 5 = 40$

例2.计算
$\begin{vmatrix} 3 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 3 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{r_1 + r_2 + r_3 + r_4}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 3 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ =6\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 3 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel { r_ 2 -r_ 1,r_ 3 - r_ 1, r_ 4 - r_ 1 } { = } 6 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{vmatrix} \\ = 6 \times 8 = 48$

例3.计算
$\begin{vmatrix} a & b & c & d \\ a & a+b & a+b+c & a+b+c+d \\ a & 2a+b & 3a+2b+c & 4a+3b+2c+d \\ a & 3a+b & 6a+3b+c & 10a+6b+3c+d \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel {前一行(-1)加后一行}{=} \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c & d \\ 0 & a & a+b & a+b+c \\ 0 & a & 2a+b & 3a+2b+c \\ 0 & a & 3a+b & 6a+3b+c \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel {前一行(-1)加后一行}{=} \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c & d \\ 0 & a & a + b & a+b+c \\ 0 & 0 & a & 2a+b \\ 0 & 0 & a & 3a+b \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel {前一行(-1)加后一行}{=} \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c & d \\ 0 & a & a + b & a+b+c \\ 0 & 0 & a & 2a+b \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & a \\ \end{vmatrix} = a^4$

例4.计算
$\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 2 & 3 & 4 & 1 \\ 3 & 4 & 1 & 2 \\ 4 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} 10 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 10 & 3 & 4 & 1 \\ 10 & 4 & 1 & 2 \\ 10 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 10 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 1 & 3 & 4 & 1 \\ 1 & 4 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 10 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 2 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 10 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -4 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 120$