线性代数 01.05 行列式习题课

内容小结
行列式$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 排序,逆序数,奇排序与偶排序 \\ 行列式的定义\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} = \sum_{p_1p_2 \cdots p_n}(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2} \cdots a_{np_n} \end{array} \right. \\ 性质 \left \{ \begin{array}{l}1.行列式与它的转置行列式相等; \\ 2.互换行列式的两行(列),行列式变号; \\ [推论：若行列式的某两行(列)相等,则该行列式为零] \\ 3.某行(列)有公因子可以提到行列式符号外面; \\ [推论：若行列式中某两行(列)成比例,则行列式为零]\\ 4. 若行列式中某一行(列)的所有元素均为两个元素之\\和,则行列式可写成两个行列式的和; \\ 5.行列式某行(列)的K倍加到另一行(列)上,行列式不变.\end{array} \right. \\ 展开定理 \left \{ \begin{array}{l}按行展开\sum_{k=1}^{n}a_{ik}A_{jk} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l}D \quad i = j \\ 0 \quad i \neq j\end{array} \right. \\ 按列展开\sum_{k=1}^{n}a_{ki}A_{kj} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l}D \quad i = j \\ 0 \quad i \neq j\end{array} \right. \end{array} \right. \\ 计算——就是运用行列式的定义、性质、定理求行列式的值,\\通常的方法有定义法、性质法、递推法、数学归纳法、加边法\\、公式法等。 \\ 应用 \left \{ \begin{array}{l}克拉默法则 \\ 齐次线性方程组有非零解的充分必要条件 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

习题
例1.问当i、j如何取值时,排列2 1 i 3 7 6 j 9 5 为偶排列?
$解:令i = 4, j = 8,得排列为\\ 2 1 4 3 7 6 8 9 5 \\ \because J(214376895) = 0+1+0+1+0+1+0+0+4 = 7 \\ \therefore 214376895 为奇排列与题矛盾.\\ \therefore 应取 i = 8, j = 4,此时排列218376495为偶排列.$

$例2:求排列1. 3. \cdots. (2n - 1). 2. 4. \cdots. (2n)的逆序数$
$解:\\ J[1. 3. \cdots. (2n - 1). 2. 4. \cdots. (2n)] \\ = 0 + 1 + 2 + \cdots + (n - 1) = \dfrac{n(n - 1)}{2}$

$例3.写出四阶行列式中含有因子a_{11}a_{23}的项.$
$解:\\ \because 行列式的项由不同行不同列的元素乘积构成,\\\ a_{11}a_{23}a_{3i}a_{4j}, i,j为2、4的取值\\ \therefore a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}a_{44}, a_{11}a_{23}a_{34}a_{42}两项\\ 行标案自然排序,列标排列的逆序数为\\ \because J(1 3 2 4) = 1, J(1 3 4 2 ) = 2\\ a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}a_{44}项带负号,a_{11}a_{23}a_{34}a_{42}项带正号\\ \therefore 含有因子a_{11}a_{23}的项为 -a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}a_{44},a_{11}a_{23}a_{34}a_{42}$

$例4.在n阶行列式中,如果等于零的元素比n^2-n还多,\\ 试证明此行列式的值为零.$
$证:\\ \because n阶行列式中有n^2个元素,等于\\ 0的元素比n^2 - n还多,这说明非零元\\ 素的个数比n^2 - (n^2 - n) = n还少.\\ \quad 由于行列式的每一项都是不同行不同列\\ 的n个元素的乘积,因此,每一项中至少含有\\ 一个零元素,即所有项都为零,所以,行列式\\ 的值为零.$

$例5. \begin{vmatrix} a & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & a & 0 \\ 4 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} > 0的充分必要条件?$
$解:原行列式 = 1 \times (-1)^{3 + 3} \begin{vmatrix} a & 1 \\ 1 & a \\ \end{vmatrix} = a^2 - 1> 0 \\ 即:a < -1 或 a > 1$

$例6.已知四阶行列式D的第2行元素分别为:-1, 0, 2, 4; \\ 第四行元素的余子式依次为:2, 4, a, 4;求a?$
$解:\\ \because -1 \times (-1)^{4 + 1} \times 2 + 0 \times (-1)^{4 + 2} \times 4 \\ + 2 \times (-1)^{4 + 3} \times a + 4 \times (-1)^{4 + 4} \times 4 = 0 \\ 即:2 + 0 -2a + 16 = 0\\ \therefore a = 9$

$例7.计算行列式\\ D_1 = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -4 & 1 \\ 3 & -6 & 3 \\ -5 & 10 & 4 \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$解: D_1 = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ -3 & 6 & 3 \\ -13 & 26 & 4 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 1 \times (-1)^{1 + 3} \begin{vmatrix} -3 & 6 \\ -13 & 26 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (-1) \times (2) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & 3 \\ 13 & 13 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -2 \times 0 = 0$

$D_2 = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & -1 & -1 & 2 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 & 2 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$解: D_2 = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & -1 & -1 & 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 2 \times (-1)^{1 + 4} \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -2 \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -2 \times 2 \times (-1)^{2 + 2} \times \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -4 \times (1 \times 1 - 1 \times 2) = 4$

$例8.D_n = \begin{vmatrix} x & a & \cdots a \\ a & x & \cdots a \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a & a& \cdots & x \\ \end{vmatrix}$

$解:把第2列、第3列直到第n列,依次乘以1后加到第一列上去,得:\\ D_n = \begin{vmatrix} x + (n-1)a & a & \cdots a \\ x + (n-1)a & x & \cdots a \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x + (n-1)a & a& \cdots & x \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = [x + (n-1)a] \begin{vmatrix} 1 & a & \cdots a \\ 1 & x & \cdots a \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 1 & a& \cdots & x \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = [x + (n-1)a] \begin{vmatrix} 1 & a & \cdots a \\ 0 & x - a & \cdots 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & x - a \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = [x + (n-1)a](x - a)^{n - 1}$

例9.
$D_3 = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & \cdots & n \\ 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 & \cdots & n - 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 & 2 & \cdots & n - 2 \\ 1 & x & x & 1 & \cdots & n - 3 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 1 & x & x & x & \cdots & 2 \\ 1 & x & x & x & \cdots & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$解:第n - 1行(-1)倍加到第n行上,第n - 2 行(-1)倍加到第n - 1行上,\\ 以此类推,直到第一行(-1)倍加到第2行上.$
$D_3 = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & \cdots & n \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ 0 & x -1 & -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & x -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & x - 1 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{按第一列展开}{=} 1 \times (-1)^{1 + 1} \times \begin{vmatrix} -1 & -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ x -1 & -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ 0 & x -1 & -1 & \cdots & -1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & x - 1 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{下一行(-1)倍加到上一行}{=} \begin{vmatrix} -x & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ x -1 & -x & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & x -1 & -x & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & x - 1 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (-1)^{n - 1}(x)^{n - 2}$

$例10.(加边法)$
$D_n = \begin{vmatrix} 1 + a_1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ 1 & 1 + a_2 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 + a_n \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$解:把D_n加一行加一列,并保持值不变，如下：$
$D_n = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ 0 & 1 + a_1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 + a_2 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 + a_n \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{第一行(-1)倍加到各行去}{=} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ -1 & a_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & a_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ -1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_n \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$第2列、第3列、直道第n列,依次乘\\ \dfrac{1}{a_1}, \dfrac{1}{a_2}, \cdots, \dfrac{1}{a_n} 后加到第1列上去.$
$= \begin{vmatrix} 1 + \dfrac{1}{a_1} + \dfrac{1}{a_2} + \cdots + \dfrac{1}{a_n} & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ 0 & a_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_n \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = a_1a_2 \cdots a_n(1 + \sum_{i = 1}^{n}{\dfrac{1}{a_i}})$

$例11.证明$
$D_n = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \alpha + \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & 1 & \alpha + \beta \\ \end{vmatrix} = \dfrac{\alpha^{n + 1} - \beta^{n + 1}}{\alpha - \beta}$

$证：当n = 1时, \\ D_1 = \alpha + \beta = \dfrac{\alpha^2 - \beta^2}{\alpha - \beta},结论成立. \\ 当n = 2时, \\ D_2 = (\alpha + \beta)^2 - \alpha \beta \\ = a^2 + \alpha \beta + \beta^2 = \dfrac{\alpha^3 - \beta^3}{\alpha - \beta}结论成立. \\ 假设当n \leq k时结论成立,证n = k + 1时亦成立.$

$D_{k + 1} = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \alpha + \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & 1 & \alpha + \beta \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{按第一列展开}{=} (\alpha + \beta) D_k - \begin{vmatrix} \alpha \beta & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 1 & \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 1 & \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta \\ 0 & \cdots & \cdots & 1 & \alpha + \beta \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{按第一列展开}{=} (\alpha + \beta) D_k - \alpha \beta D_{k - 1} \\ = (\alpha + \beta) \dfrac{\alpha^{k + 1} - \beta^{k + 1}}{\alpha - \beta} - \alpha \beta \dfrac{\alpha^{k} - \beta^{k}}{\alpha - \beta} \\ = \dfrac{(\alpha + \beta)(\alpha^{k + 1} - \beta^{k + 1}) - \alpha \beta(\alpha^{k} - \beta^{k})}{\alpha - \beta} \\ = \dfrac{\alpha^{(k + 1) + 1} - \beta^{(k + 1) + 1}}{\alpha - \beta} \\ 所以,当n = k + 1时结论成立,由此证得:$
$D_n = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \alpha + \beta & \alpha \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \alpha + \beta & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & 1 & \alpha + \beta \\ \end{vmatrix} = \dfrac{\alpha^{n + 1} - \beta^{n + 1}}{\alpha - \beta}$

$例12：求解方程组$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2x_1 - x_2 + 3x_3 = 1 \\ 4x_1 + 2x_2 + 5x_3 = 4 \\ 2x_1 + \qquad + 2x_3 = 6 \end{array} \right.$
$解:因为系数行列式为 \\ D = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 2 & 5 \\ 2 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 \\ 2 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 3 & 1 \\ 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = -6 \\ D_1 = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 2 & 5 \\ 6 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & -1 & 3 \\ 6 & 0 & 11 \\ 6 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (-1) \times (-1)^{1 + 2} \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 11 \\ 6 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = -54 \\ D_2 = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 4 & 4 & 5 \\ 2 & 6 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 0 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 5 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 2 \times (-1)^{1 + 1} \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 \\ 5 & -1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 6 \\ D_3 = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & 1 \\ 4 & 2 & 4 \\ 2 & 0 & 6 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & -5 \\ 4 & 2 & -8 \\ 2 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 2 \times (-1)^{3 + 1} \times \begin{vmatrix} -1 & -5 \\ 2 & -8 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 2 \times ( 8 + 10) = 36$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = \dfrac{D_1}{D} = \dfrac{-54}{-6} = 9 \\ x_2 = \dfrac{D_2}{D} = \dfrac{6}{-6} = -1 \\ x_3 = \dfrac{D_3}{D} = \dfrac{36}{-6} = -6 \end{array} \right.$

$例13.若n阶行列式 D = |a_{ij}|中元素满足\\ a_{ij} = -a_{ji},i、j = 1, 2, \cdots, n则称D\\ 为n阶反对称行列式,试证奇数阶反对称行\\ 列式等于零。$
$证:\because a_{ij} = -a_{ji},当i = j时\\ 则有 a_{ii} = 0,即反对称行列式D的对角线元素都为0.\\ D = (-1)^n \begin{vmatrix} 0 & a_{12} & a_{13} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ -a_{12} & 0 & a_{23} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ -a_{13} & -a_{23} & 0 & \cdots & a_{3n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ -a_{1n} & -a_{2n} & \cdots & -a_{(n-1)n} & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ 各行都提出一个(-1)，则 \\ D = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & -a_{12} & -a_{13} & \cdots & -a_{1n} \\ a_{12} & 0 & -a_{23} & \cdots & -a_{2n} \\ a_{13} & a_{23} & 0 & \cdots & -a_{3n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{1n} & a_{2n} & \cdots & a_{(n-1)n} & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ 因为行列式和它的专制行列式相等\\ \therefore D = (-1)^nD^T = (-1)^n D \\ \therefore [1 - (-1)^n]D = 0 \\ 当n为奇数时,有2D = 0,即D = 0,\\ 所以奇数阶反对称行列式的值是0.$

$例14.问\lambda、\mu取何值时,齐次线性方程组$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} \lambda x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 0 \\ x_1 + \mu x_2 + x_3 = 0 \\ x_1 + 2\mu x_2 + x_3 = 0 \end{array} \right. 有非零解.$
$解:对于方程个数与变量个数相同的齐次线性方程组,\\ 有非零解的充分必要条件是系数行列式等于零.\\ D= \begin{vmatrix} \lambda & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \mu & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \mu & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \stackrel{r_3 -r_2}{=} \begin{vmatrix} \lambda & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \mu & 1 \\ 0 & \mu & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ \stackrel{按第三行展开}{=} \mu \times (-1)^{3 + 2} \times \begin{vmatrix} \lambda & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = -\mu (\lambda - 1) = 0 \\ 当\lambda = 1 或\mu = 0时，方程组有非零解.$