线性代数 03.05 矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组 习题课

内容小结
$矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 3.1 矩阵的初等变换 \\ 3.2矩阵的秩 \\ 3.3线性方程组的解 \\ 3.4初等方阵 \end{array} \right.$

3.1 矩阵的初等变换
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1.对换矩阵的i.j两行(列) \\ 2.用k\neq0乘矩阵的第i行(列) \\ 3.把某i行(列)的k倍加到另一行(列)的对应元素上去 \end{array} \right. \\ 性质 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1.初等变换不改变矩阵的秩 \\ 2.对A经过有限次初等变换得到B,则A等价B \end{array} \right. \\ 用途 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1.求逆(A | E) \stackrel{行变换}{\sim} ( E | A^{-1}) \quad \left( \left. \begin{array}{l} A \\ E \end{array} \right. \right) \stackrel{列变换}{\sim} \left( \left. \begin{array}{l} E \\ A^{-1} \end{array} \right. \right) \\ 2.求矩阵A的秩、最简形、标准形 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

3.2矩阵的秩
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} k阶子式 \\ 秩:矩阵非零子式的最高阶数 \end{array} \right. \\ 性质 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 零矩阵的秩为零. \\ R(A) = R(A^T) \\ 若B可逆,则R(AB) = R(A) \\ R(A + B) \leq R(A) + R(B) \\ R(AB) \leq min\lbrace(R(A), R(B) \rbrace \\ R(AB) \geq R(A) + R(B) - n \\ 若AB = 0,则R(A) + R(B) \leq n \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

3.3线性方程组的解
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} Ax = 0 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} Ax = 0:有非零解 \leftrightarrow R(A) < n \\ 求解 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1.化系数矩阵为最简形 \\ 2.找到等价方程组 \\ 3.写通解 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right. \\ Ax = b \left \{ \begin{array}{l} Ax = b有解 \leftrightarrow R(A) = R(B) \\ 求解 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1.把增广矩阵B化为最简形 \\ 2.找到等价方程组 \\ 3.写通解 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

$Ax = 0解的结构$
$Ax = 0有唯一零解 \Longleftrightarrow R(A) = r = n$
$Ax = 0有无穷多个非零解 \Longleftrightarrow R(A) = r < n$
$其通解可表为: \\ x = k_1 \xi_1 + k_2 \xi_2 + \cdots + k_{n-r}\xi_{n-r} \\ 其中\xi_1,\xi_2, \cdots, \xi_{n-r}为方程组的基础解系.$

$Ax = b解的结构$
$Ax = b无解 \Longleftrightarrow R(A) \neq R(B)$
$Ax = b有解 \Longleftrightarrow R(A) =R(B) = r$
$1)当r = n时,方程组有唯一解. \\ 2)当r < n时,方程组有无穷多解.且其通解可表为:\\ x = k_1 \xi_1 + k_2 \xi_2 + \cdots + k_{n-r}\xi_{n-r} + \eta^{*} \\ 其中\xi_1,\xi_2, \cdots, \xi_{n-r}为方程组的基础解系. \\ \eta^{*}为方程组的一个特解.$

3.4初等方阵
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 对单位矩阵实施一次初等变换而得到的矩阵称为初等方阵 \\ 三种初等变换对应三种初等方阵 \end{array} \right. \\ 性质 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 初等方阵都是可逆矩阵,其逆仍然是同种初等矩阵. \\ 对A_{m \times n}矩阵实施一次行初等变换,相当于对A左乘一个相应的m阶初等方阵;\\ 对A_{m \times n}矩阵实施一次列初等变换,相当于对A右乘一个相应的n阶初等方阵. \\ 任何可逆矩阵都可以表示为若干个初等方阵的乘积. \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

$例1.把下面矩阵化为最简形矩阵 \\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 & 1 & -3 & -7 \\ 1 & 2 & 0 & -2 & -4 \\ 3 & -2 & 8 & 3 & 0 \\ 2 & -3 & 7 & 4 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$解: A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 & 1 & -3 & -7 \\ 1 & 2 & 0 & -2 & -4 \\ 3 & -2 & 8 & 3 & 0 \\ 2 & -3 & 7 & 4 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & -2 & -4 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 & -3 & -7 \\ 3 & -2 & 8 & 3 & 0 \\ 2 & -3 & 7 & 4 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & -2 & -4 \\ 0 & -1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & 0 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & 0 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$例2.求下面矩阵的秩,并求一个最高阶非零子式.\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 & 8 & 3 & 7 \\ 2 & -3 & 0 & 7 & -5 \\ 3 & -2 & 5 & 8 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$解: A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 & 8 & 3 & 7 \\ 2 & -3 & 0 & 7 & -5 \\ 3 & -2 & 5 & 8 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 & -3 & 0 & 7 & -5 \\ 3 & -2 & 5 & 8 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 8 & 3 & 7 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & -3 & -6 & 3 & -5 \\ 0 & -2 & -4 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 & 7 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 & 7 \\ 0 & -2 & -4 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & -3 & -6 & 3 & -5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 & 7 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 14 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 16 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 & 7 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = 3 \\ \because \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 3 & -5 \\ 3 & -2 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \neq 0 \\ \therefore \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 & -5 \\ 3 & -2 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}是原矩阵的一个最高阶非零子式$

$例3.试利用矩阵的初等行变换,求下面矩阵的逆矩阵:\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$解: \\ (B | E) = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 4 & 9 & 5 & 1 & 0 & -3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & -3 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & -3 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 6 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & -3 & -4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & -2 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 6 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & -6 & -10 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ B^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 3 & 6 \\ 2 & 1 & -6 & -10 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$例4.求解下面非齐次线性方程组:$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2x + 3y + z = 4 \\ x - 2y + 4z = -5 \\ 3x + 8y -2z = 13 \\ 4x -y + 9z = -6 \end{array} \right.$
$解:对增广矩阵B进行行初等变换\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 & 1 & 4 \\ 1 & -2 & 4 & -5 \\ 3 & 8 & -2 & 13 \\ 4 & -1 & 9 & -6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & 4 & -5 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 & 4 \\ 3 & 8 & -2 & 13 \\ 4 & -1 & 9 & -6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & 4 & -5 \\ 0 & 7 & -7 & 14 \\ 0 & 14 & -14 & 28 \\ 0 & 7 & -7 & 14 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & 4 & -5 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = R(B) = 2 < n = 3,有无穷多解\\ 等价方程组为:$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x + 2z = -1 \\ y - z = 2 \end{array} \right.$
$即：\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x = -2z -1 \\ y = z + 2 \end{array} \right.$
$令 z = k,得$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x = -2k -1 \\ y = k + 2 \\ z = k \end{array} \right.$
$\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ \end{pmatrix} = k\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} (k \in R)$

$例5.非齐次线性方程组$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} -2x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = -2 \\ x_1 - 2x_2 + x_3 = \lambda \\ x_1 + x_2 -2x_3 = \lambda^2 \end{array} \right.$
$当\lambda取何值时有解?并求出它的解.$
$解:对增广矩阵B作行初等变换\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} -2 & 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 1 & -2 & 1 & \lambda \\ 1 & 1 & -2 & \lambda^2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & \lambda^2 \\ 1 & -2 & 1 & \lambda \\ -2 & 1 & 1 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & \lambda^2 \\ 0 & -3 & 3 & \lambda - \lambda^2 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & 2(\lambda + 1)(\lambda -1) \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & \lambda^2 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & \lambda(\lambda - 1) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & (\lambda + 2)(\lambda -1) \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 当(\lambda + 2)(\lambda -1) = 0时, R(A) = R(B),方程有解.\\ 当\lambda = -2时, B \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 4 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & 6 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$同解方程组为:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 -x_ 3 = 2 \\ x_2 - x_3 = 2 \end{array} \right.$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = x_ 3 + 2 \\ x_2 = x_3 + 2 \end{array} \right.$
$令x_3 = k, k \in R,得$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = k + 2 \\ x_2 = k + 2 \\ x_3 = k \end{array} \right.$
$\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ \end{pmatrix} = k\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} (k \in R)$
$当\lambda = 1时, B \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$同解方程组为:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 -x_ 3 = 1 \\ x_2 - x_3 = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$同解方程组为:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = x_ 3 + 1 \\ x_2 = x_3 \end{array} \right.$
$令x_3 = k, k \in R,得$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = k + 1 \\ x_2 = k \\ x_3 = k \end{array} \right.$
$\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ \end{pmatrix} = k\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} (k \in R)$

$例6.设\left \{ \begin{array}{l} (2 - \lambda)x_1 + 2x_2 - 2x_3 = 1 \\ 2x_1 + (5 - \lambda)x_2 - 4x_3 = 2 \\ -2x_1 - 4x_2 + (5 - \lambda)x_3 = -\lambda - 1 \end{array} \right.$
$问\lambda取何值时,此方程组有唯一解、\\ 无解或有无穷多解?并在有无穷多解时求解$
$解： 唯一解情况: |A| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & 5 - \lambda & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & 5 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 2 & -2 \\ \lambda & 3 - \lambda & -2 \\ -\lambda & -2 & 3 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2(1 - \lambda) & -(1 - \lambda) & 0 \\ \lambda & 3 - \lambda & -2 \\ 0 & 1 - \lambda & 1 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (1 - \lambda)^2 \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & 0 \\ \lambda & 3 - \lambda & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = (1 - \lambda)^2(10 - \lambda) \neq 0 \\ \lambda \neq 1,且 \lambda \neq 10时,方程组有唯一解.\\ 当\lambda = 10时, 对增广矩阵B作初等行变换\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} -8 & 2 & -2& 1 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 & 2 \\ -2 & -4 & -5 & -11 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -18 & -18 & 9 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 & 2 \\ 0 & -9 & -9 & -9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & -9 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 & 2 \\ 0 & -9 & -9 & -9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = 2 < R(B) = 3,方程组无解\\ 当\lambda = 1时,增广矩阵B为:\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & -2 & 1 \\ 2 & 4 & -4 & 2 \\ -2& -4 & 4 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$等价方程组为:x_1 + 2x_2 - 2x_3 = 1$
$即 x_1 = -2x_2 + 2x_3 + 1$
$令x_2 = k_1, x_3 = k_2, (k_1 \in R, k_2 \in R)$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = -2k_1 + 2k_2 + 1 \\ x_2 = k_1 \\ x_3 = k_2 \end{array} \right. (k_1 \in R, k_2 \in R)$
$\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ \end{pmatrix} = k_1 \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} + k_2 \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} , (k_1 \in R, k_2 \in R)$

$例7. (1)设A = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 1 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 \\ 2 & 2 \\ 3 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix},\\ 求X,使AX = B; \\ (2)设A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 2 & 1 \\ 2 & -1 & 3 \\ -3 & 3 & -4 \\ \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & -3 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix},\\ 求X,使XA = B.$
$解:若A可逆,则由(1)可得X = A^{-1}B,由(2)可得X = BA^{-1}\\ 利用初等行变换求逆矩阵的方法,还可求A^{-1}B, BA^{-1} \\ 由A^{-1}(A|B) = (E|A^{-1}B), \begin{pmatrix}A \\ B \end{pmatrix}A^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} E \\ BA^{-1} \end{pmatrix}可知,\\ 若对矩阵(A|B)施以初等行变换,\\ 对矩阵\begin{pmatrix}A \\ B \end{pmatrix}施以初等列变换,当\\ 把A变为E时,B就变为A^{-1}B,BA^{-1}\\ 而(A:B) = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 1 & -2 & 1 & -3 \\ 2 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & -1 & 3 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & -2 & -2 \\ 2 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & -1 & 3 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 & 3 & 6 & 6 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 9 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 9 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 12 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 10 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -15 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 12 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ X = A^{-1}B = \begin{pmatrix} 10 & 2 \\ -15 & -3 \\ 12 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ (2) \begin{pmatrix}A \\ B \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 2 & 1 \\ 2 & -1 & 3 \\ -3 & 3 & -4 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & -3 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 3 & -1 & 2 \\ -4 & 3 & -3 \\ 3 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & -3 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & -7 & 2 \\ -4 & 11 & -3 \\ 3 & -4 & 1 \\ 1 & -5 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & -1 & 2 \\ -4 & 2 & -3 \\ 3 & -1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 \\ 4 & 1 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ -4 & -7 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 2 & -1 & -1 \\ -4 & 7 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ X=BA^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -1 & -1 \\ -4 & 7 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$例8.设A、B为n阶方阵,证明:\\ R(AB) \geq R(A) + R(B) - n$
$证: 设R(A) = r_1, R(B) = r_2,\\ 则存在可逆矩阵P_1, Q_1,P_2,Q_2; \\ P_1AQ_1 = \begin{pmatrix} E_{r_1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, P_2BQ_2 = \begin{pmatrix} E_{r_2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ AB = P_1^{-1}\begin{pmatrix} E_{r_1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}Q_1^{-1}P_2^{-1}\begin{pmatrix} E_{r_2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}Q_2^{-1} \\ 令C=Q_1^{-1}P_2^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix}C_1 & C_2 \\ C_3 & C_4 \end{pmatrix},其中C_1为r_1 \times r_2型矩阵,\\ R(C) = n,又\begin{pmatrix}E_{r_1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}C\begin{pmatrix}E_{r_12} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}C_1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = D\\ \therefore R(AB) = R(D) = R(C_1),\\ 而C_1等于在C中去掉n -r_1行,n-r_2列后得到的矩阵,\\ 有因为在矩阵中去掉一行(列)矩阵的秩最多减少1,所以\\ R(AB) = R(C_1) \geq n - (n -r_1) - (n - r_2) = r_1 + r_2 - n \\ \therefore R(AB) \geq R(A) + R(B) - n$

$例9.设A为n阶方阵,证明存在n阶非零方阵B,\\ 使AB = 0的充分必要条件为|A| = 0.$
$证： 必要性:由存在n阶非零方阵B,使AB = 0,\\ 可知B的列向量一定存在非零列向量,\\ 即齐次线性方程组AX = 0存在非零解. \therefore |A| = 0. \\ 充分性：\because |A| = 0,所以方程组AX=0有非零解,\\ 由n个含非零解向量为列构成矩阵B,使AB = 0. \\ 证毕.$