线性代数 05.06 用配方法化二次型为标准形

$\color{blue}{\S 第五章 第六节 用配方法化二次型为标准形}$

$例1.用配方法化二次型\\ f = x_1^2 + 2x_2^2 + 5x_3^2 + 2x_1x_2 + 2x_1x_3 + 6x_2x_3 \\ 化成标准形,并求出所用变换.$
$f = x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 + 2x_1x_2 + 2x_1x_3 + 2x_2x_3 + x_2^2 + 4x_3^2 + 4x_2x_3 \\ = (x_1 + x_2 + x_3)^2 + x_2^2 + 2x_2(2x_3) + (2x_3)^2 \\ = (x_1 + x_2 + x_3)^2 + (x_2 + 2x_3)^2$
$令 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} y_1 = x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \\ y_2 = x_2 + x_3 \\ y_3 = x_3 \end{array} \right.$
$即\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = y_1 - y_2 + y_3 \\ x_2 = y_2 - 2y_3 \\ x_3 = y_3 \end{array} \right.$
$所用线性变换为: \\ \begin{pmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}y_1 \\ y_2 \\ y_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ 则该变换把f化为标准形:\\ f = y_1^2 + y_2^2$

$例2.用配方法化二次型\\ f = 2x_1x_2 + 2x_1x_3 - 6x_2x_3 \\ 变成标准形,并求出所用变换.$
$解:在f中不含平方项,由于含有x_1, x_2的乘积项,故令$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = y_1 + y_2 \\ x_2 = y_1 - y_2 \\ x_3 = y_3 \end{array} \right.$
$代入得\\ f = 2y_1^2 - 2y_2^2 - 4y_1y_3 + 8 y_2y_3 \\ = 2y_1^2 - 4y_1y_3 + 2y_3^2 - 2y_2^2 + 8y_2y_3 - 8y_3^2 + 6y_3^2 \\ = 2(y_1 - y_3)^2 - 2(y_2 - 2y_3)^2 + 6y_3^2$
$令\left \{ \begin{array}{l} z_1 = y_1 - y_3 \\ z_2 = y_2 - 2y_3 \\ z_3 = y_3 \end{array} \right.$
$即\left \{ \begin{array}{l} y_1 = z_1 + z_3 \\ y_2 = z_2 + 2z_3 \\ y_3 = z_3 \end{array} \right.$
$\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \\ y_3 \end{pmatrix} 和 \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \\ y_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ z_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ 所有的线性变换为:\\ \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ z_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ z_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ 则该变换把f化成标准形: f = 2z_1^2 - 2z_2^2 + 6z_3^2$