数学物理方法 01 解析函数论

$\color{blue}{第一章 解析函数论}$

$\color{blue}{\S 1.1 复数及其运算}$

$\color{blue}{1.1.1 复数的概念}$

$1.定义：$
$z = (x, y) = x + i y, \quad x = Re z \\ \bar z = x - iy, \quad y = Im z$
$2.性质:\\ (1) 若\left. \begin{array}{l}z_1 = x_1 + iy_1 \\ z_2 = x_2 + iy_2 \end{array} \right. , 则z_1 = z_2 \iff \left. \begin{array}{l} x_1 = x_2 \\ y_1 = y_2 \end{array} \right.$
$(2) z无大小$
$(3) \overline{R(a, b, c)} = R(\bar a, \bar b, \bar c, \cdots)$

$\color{blue}{1.1.2 复数的表示方法}$

$1.几何表示:\\ (1)点z; \\ (2)向量 \vec {OZ}; \\ (3)极坐标(\rho, \varphi): \rho = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}, z的模， \varphi = \arctan \dfrac{y}{x} = \arg z, z 的幅角，多值$
$规定：-\pi < \arg z \leq \pi , 幅角的主值；\\ \arg z = \arg z \pm 2k \pi, k = 0, 1, 2, \cdots$

$用\arctan表示 \arg z: \quad \arg z = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \arctan \dfrac{y}{x}, x > 0, y > 0 \\ \arctan \dfrac{y}{x} + \pi, x < 0, y > 0 \\ \arctan \dfrac{y}{x} - \pi, x < 0, y < 0 \\ \arctan \dfrac{y}{x}, x > 0, y < 0 \end{array} \right.$
$(4)复球表示:\\ 球面上的点A^{\prime} \leftrightarrow 复平面上的点A;\\ 北极N \leftrightarrow 复平面上的\infty；\\ 复平面 + \infty = 全平面 \leftrightarrow 复球面$
$2.代数表示$
$z = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} x + iy \\ \rho \cos \varphi + \rho \sin \varphi (三角) \\ \rho e^{i\varphi} (指数) \end{array} \right.$
$注意:\\ ①\infty与数学分析中的 +\infty, -\infty有根本区别，\\ 在数学分析中，+\infty, -\infty只是变量变化的记号。$
$②规定：\left \{ \begin{array}{l} |\infty| = \infty,但实部、虚部和幅角则认为是无意义的 \\ \infty \pm z = z \pm \infty (z \neq \infty) \\ \dfrac{z}{\infty} = 0 ( z \neq \infty) \\ \dfrac{z}{0} = \infty (z \neq 0) \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{1.1.3 复数的运算规则}$

$1.运算结果与实数运算结果相符合$
$2.运算规则与实数运算规则相符合$
$3.满足i^2 = -1$
$规定：\\ 若z_1 = x_1 + i y_1, z_2 = x_2 +i y_2 \\ 则z_1 \pm z_2 = (x_1 \pm x_2) + i (y_1 \pm y_2) \\ z_1 \times z_2 = (x_1x_2 - y_1y_2) + i(x_1y_2 + y_1x_2)$

$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} e^{i \varphi_1} \cdot e^{i \varphi_2} = e^{i (\varphi_1 + \varphi_2)} \\ \dfrac{e^{i \varphi_1}}{e^{i\varphi_2}} = e^{i (\varphi_1 - \varphi_2)} \\ z_1^2 - z_2^2 = (z_1 + z_2)(z_1 - z_2) \\ (z_1 + z_2)^n = \sum \limits _ {m=0} ^ n c_ n ^ m z_1^m z_2^{n-m} \end{array} \right.$

$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} z_1 \cdot z_2 = |z_1| \cdot |z_2| e^{i (Arg \; z_1 + Arg\; z_2)} \\ \dfrac{z_1}{z_2} = \dfrac{|z_1|}{|z_2|} e^{i (Arg \; z_1 - Arg \; z_2)} \quad (z_2 \neq 0) \\ z^n = |z|^n e^{i nArgz} \\ \sqrt[m]{z} = \sqrt[m]{|z|} e^{i \frac{arg z + 2k \pi}{m}}, (m \geq 2; k = 0, \pm1, \pm 2, \cdots) \end{array} \right.$

$\mathbf{DeMoiver}公式:\\ (\cos \varphi + i \sin \varphi)^n = \cos n \varphi + i \sin n \varphi$

$\color{blue}{\S 1.2 复变函数}$

$\color{blue}{1.2.1 复变函数的概念}$

$1.定义：设E为一点集，若按一定规律，使z \in E \stackrel{f(z)}{\longrightarrow} w = u(x, y) + i v(x, y), \\ 其中， u、v为实函数，则称：w = f(z)为复变函数，E为定义域，W为值域。$
$复变函数\left \{ \begin{array}{l}单值z \to w \left \{ \begin{array}{l}单叶：z \leftrightarrow w (w = za + b) \\ 多叶：\left. \begin{array}{l} w_1 \\ w_2 \\ \vdots \end{array} \right \} \to w(w = z^2) \end{array} \right. \\ 多值：z \to \left \{ \begin{array}{l} w_1 \\ w_2 \\ \vdots \end{array} \right.(w = \sqrt[3]{z}) \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{1.2.2 区域}$

$1.邻域：\forall z \in |z - z_0| < \varepsilon 的点集称为z_0的\varepsilon 领域。$
$2.内点：若z_0总有一个邻域N(z_0, \varepsilon)全含于点集\sigma内,则称z_0为\sigma的内点。$
$3.区域：若点集\sigma \left \{ \begin{array}{l} ①全由内点组成; \\②设z_1 \in \sigma, z_2 \in \sigma,且z_1和z_2可用全\in \sigma 的线连接; \end{array} \right.$
$4.外点：\left \{ \begin{array}{l}不属于区域\sigma \\ 总有一个N(z_0, \varepsilon)有 \notin \sigma 的点 \end{array} \right \}称z_0是\sigma的外点。$
$5.界点:若z_0不属于区域\sigma,且没有一个邻域不含有\sigma的点，则称z_0为\sigma的界点。$
$边界：全体界点构成区域的边界。$
$边界正向：沿着边界走，区域总在左方，则此走向称为边界的正方向。$
$闭区域：\bar \sigma = \sigma + l,其中l为边界。$
$6.单连通区域：若在区域内作任何简单的闭曲线，区域内的点都是属于此区域的，\\ 则称该区域为单连通区域。$
$7.复连通区域：一个区域，如果不是单连通区域，就是复连通区域。$

$\color{blue}{1.2.3 极限、连续性}$

$1.定义：w = f(z):\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists \delta > 0, 当0 < | z - z_0| < \delta时，有|f(z) - w_0| < \varepsilon,\\ 则\lim \limits _ {z \to z_0} f(z) = w_0为极限。若\lim \limits _ {z \to z_0} f(z) = f(z_0),则f(z)在z_0点连续。$

$\color{blue}{\S 1.3 微商及解析函数}$

$\color{blue}{1.3.1 微商及微分}$

$1.微商:\\ w = f(z) 是z点及N(z, \varepsilon)的单值函数,若\lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f}{\Delta z} = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{f(z + \Delta z) - f(z)}{\Delta z}存在\\ 极限, 则记f^{\prime}(z) = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f}{\Delta z}, 称为f(z)在z点的导数。\\ e.g \quad f(z) = z^2 \\ (z^2)^{\prime} = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac {\Delta f}{\Delta z} = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{(z + \Delta z)^2 - z^2}{\Delta z} \\ = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{(2z + \Delta z)\Delta z}{\Delta z} = 2z, \quad (z^n)^{\prime} = nz^{n-1} \\ 注意：(1) \Delta z \to 0 的方式必须是任意的在实函数中:f^{\prime}(x) = \lim \limits _ {\Delta x \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f}{\Delta x}\\ 而在复变函数中：\\ f^{\prime}(z) = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f}{\Delta z} \\ e.g \quad f(z) = Re \; z \\ \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f}{\Delta z} = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{Re ( z + \Delta z) - Re \; z}{\Delta z} \\ = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{Re \; \Delta z }{\Delta z} = \lim \limits _ {\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta x}{\Delta z}$
$\lim \limits _{\Delta z \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta f }{\Delta z} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \lim \limits _ {\Delta x = 0, \Delta y \to 0} \dfrac{\Delta x}{\Delta x + i \Delta y} = 0 \\ \lim \limits _ {\Delta x \to 0, \Delta y = 0} \dfrac{\Delta x}{\Delta x + i \Delta y} = 1 \end{array} \right.$
$\therefore f(z) = Re \; z,在复平面处处不可导。$
$注意：(2)可导必然连续，反之则未必；如f(z) = Re \; z = x在“复平面”中处处连续，\\ 但却处处不可导。$
$(3)可导与连续不同，由实部与虚部在某一点连续，可以断定复变函数连续，但是由实部\\ 与虚部在某点可导，并不能判断函数可导；\\ e.g \quad f(z) = Re \; z$

$2.微分\\ 若w = f(z),记dw = f^{\prime}(z)dz [or df = f^{\prime}(z)dz] – 微分\\ 则 f^{\prime}(z) = \dfrac {dw}{dz}(=\dfrac{df}{dz}) \quad – 微商$

$3.求导、微分法则：$
$实函数中求导、微分法则在此皆适用。$
$[f_1(z) \pm f_2(z)]^{\prime} = f_1^{\prime}(z) \pm f_2^{\prime}(z) \\ [f_1(z) \cdot f_2(z)]^{\prime} = f_1^{\prime}(z) \cdot f_2(z) + f_1(z) \cdot f_2^{\prime}(z)$
$e.g\quad p_n(z) = a_0 + a_1z + a_2z^2 + \cdots + a_nz^n \\ \to p_n^{\prime}(z) = a_1 + 2a_2z + \cdots + na_nz^{n-1}$

$4.可导的必要条件: \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} \end{array} \right. \quad C-R条件$

$5.可导的充要条件: \left \{ \begin{array}{l} (1) u_x, u_y, v_x, v_y均连续; \\ (2) u,v满足C-R条件. \end{array} \right.$

$注意：(1)C-R条件只是可导的必要条件，不是充分条件。$
$(2)C-R条件的极坐标形式为:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial \rho} = \dfrac{1}{\rho} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial \varphi} \\ \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial \rho} = -\dfrac{1}{\rho} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial \varphi} \end{array} \right.$
$(3)由C-R条件可得:f^{\prime}(z) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + i \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} + i \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} - i \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} \\ \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} - i \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{1.3.2 解析函数}$

$1.定义:若w = f(z)在z_0点及N(z_0, \varepsilon)可导，则称w = f(z)在z_0点解析。\\ 若w = f(z) 在区域\sigma内处处可导，则称w = f(z)在区域\sigma内解析。\\ 引入记号:f(z) \in H(\sigma) – 表示f(z)在区域\sigma内解析。$
$注:(1) 凡说解析都是指在某点或某区域解析。\\ (2) 函数在某点解析是比在某点可导更严格得多的条件，两者并不等价。\\ e.g.f(z) = |z|,在z = 0点可导却不解析。\\ (3) f(z)在区域\sigma内解析和可导是完全等价的。\\ (4) f(z)的不解析之点称为奇点。\\ (5) 解析函数又称为正则函数或全纯函数。$
$2.必要条件：由解析定义和可导必要条件可得：$
$3.充分条件：由解析定义和可导充分条件可得：$
$4.解析函数的部分性质:\\ 若f(z) = u + i v \in H(\sigma),则\\ (1) \Delta u = 0, \Delta v = 0,且由C-R联系着\\ (2) \nabla u \cdot \nabla v = 0 \\ (3) 已知u或v均可求出解析函数\\ (4) 解析函数的和、差、积、商仍为解析函数$

$例:已知 v(x, y) = x + y, 求解析函数f(z) = u + iv$
$解:(1) 用全微分法求:\\ du = \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} dy = \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} dx - \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} dy = dx - dy \\ u = \int d(x-y) + c = x - y + c \\ (2)用积分微分法求：\\ u = \int \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} dy + g(x) = -\int \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} dy + g(x) \\ u = -y + g(x) \\ \therefore \dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x} = g^{\prime}(x) = \dfrac {\partial v}{\partial y} = 1, g(x) = x + c \\ \therefore u = x - y + c \\ \therefore f(z) = x - y + c + i(x + y) \\ = x + iy + i(x + iy) + c \\ = z(1 + i) + c$

$5.解析函数的物理解释：\\ 以平面静电场为例(也适合于其它标量场)：电势\psi(x, y)在平面的无源即无电荷区域满足\\ 二维拉氏方程:\\ \Delta \psi = \dfrac{\partial ^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \psi}{\partial y^2} = 0 \\ 则由解析函数的性质，可由一解析函数f(z) = u + iv来描述该电场称为复势。$

$\color{blue}{\S 1.4 初等解析函数}$

$\color{blue}{1.4.1 初等单值函数}$

$1.幂函数:\\ (1)定义：w = z^n(n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \cdots) \\ (2)解析区域：除了z = 0的复平面。\\ (3)新性质:\\ w = \dfrac {P(z)}{Q(z)} = \dfrac{a_0 + a_1z + a_2z^2 + \cdots + a_nz^n}{b_0 + b_1z + b_2z^2 + \cdots + b_mz^m} (a_n, b_m \neq 0; Q(z) \neq 0)$

$2.指数函数:\\ (1)定义:w = e^z = e^{x + iy} = e^{x}(\cos y + i \sin y) \\ (2) 解析区域:复平面\\ (3) 与实函数相同的性质: e^z \neq 0, e^{z_1} \cdot e^{z_2} = e^{z_1 + z_2}; \\ (4) 新性质:\\ e^{z + i2k\pi} = e^z(k = 0, \pm 1, \pm2, \cdots) \\ e^z 不一定大于0$

$3.三角函数:\\ (1)定义：\sin z = \dfrac{e^{iz} - e^{-iz}}{2i}, \cos z = \dfrac{e^{iz} + e^{-iz}}{2} \\ \tan z = \dfrac{\sin z}{\cos z}, \cot z = \dfrac{\cos z}{\sin z}, \sec z = \dfrac{1}{\cos z}, \csc = \dfrac{1}{\sin z} \\ (2)解析区域:复平面(除分母为零外)\\ (3)与实函数相同性质：\\ (\sin z)^{\prime} = \cos z, (\cos z)^{\prime} = -\sin z \\ \sin(z_1 + z_2) = \sin z_1 \cos z_2 \pm \cos z_1 \sin z_2 \\ (4) 新性质：\\ |\sin z|和|\cos z|可大于1$

$4.双曲函数:\\ (1)定义:\sinh z = \dfrac{e^z - e^{-z}}{2}, \cosh z = \dfrac{e^z + e^{-z}}{2} \\ \tanh z = \dfrac{\sinh z}{\cosh z}, \coth z = \dfrac{\cosh z}{\sinh z}, \\ sech \; z = \dfrac{1}{\cosh z}, csch \; z = \dfrac{1}{\sinh z}$
$(2)解析区域:复平面$
$(3)与实函数相同的性质：\cosh^2 z - \sinh^2 z = 1;$

$初等单值函数与相应实函数的定义在形式上相同；\\ 在其定义域内均解析；\\ 除具有某些新性质外具有与相应实函数相同的性质。$

$\color{blue}{1.4.2 初等多值函数}$

$1.根式函数:{\color{blue}{w = \sqrt z;支点为z = 0, \infty; 一阶}}$
$(1)定义：若w^n = z,则记w = \sqrt[n]{z}称为根式函数(n = 2, 3, \cdots)$
$(2)多值性的体现：体现在z的幅角与w的幅角的对应关系上。$
$(3)支点：当变量绕其一周时函数值会改变的点;绕其n周后函数值还原的支点为n-1阶支点.$
$(4)单值分支:限制z的变化范围得到的若干单值函数。$
$(5)支割线：连接支点割开z平面的线。$
$(6)黎曼面:互相交叠的若干叶z平面。$
$(7)解析性：每一单值支均解析。$

$例1.讨论w = \sqrt{(z - a)(z - b)}的支点.\\ 答:支点为a,b。$
$例2.函数w = \sqrt[3]{z^2 - 4} + \sqrt{z^2 - 1}是几值函数？有何支点？\\ 答:6值，支点 \pm 1, \pm 2, \infty$

$2.对数函数：{\color{blue}{主值支:\ln z = \ln |z| + i \arg z, 0 < \arg z \leq 2 \pi}}$
$(1)定义:若z = e^w, 则w = \ln z$
$(2)多值性的体现：z的幅角和w的虚部的对应关系$
$(3) 支点:0, \infty$
$(4) 单值分支： \ln z = \ln |z| + i (\arg z + 2k \pi), k = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \cdots$
$(5) 支割线：连接0, \infty 割开z平面的线。$
$(6) 黎曼面：无穷多叶$
$(7) 解析性：每一单值支均解析$
$(8)性质：\ln (z_1 \cdot z_2) = \ln z_1 + \ln z_2 \\ \ln (z_1 / z_2) = \ln z_1 - \ln z_2$