weak_ptr的用法

weak_ptr是一种弱引用的smart pointer. 它指向由shared_ptr管理的对象。这里的weak是指weak_ptr仅仅是指向该对象，并不会增加引用计数。而且，无法通过weak_ptr来直接操作对象，只能通过lock()升级为share_ptr才可。感觉就是1条棉线，将weak_ptr与对象轻轻的绑定起来。
常用的操作有:

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

struct Foo 
{
    Foo(int val = 0) : _val(val)
    {   

    }   

    int _val;
};

void observe(std::weak_ptr<Foo> f)
{
    if(auto p = f.lock())
    {   
    ┊   std::cout << "lock success: " << p->_val << std::endl;

    ┊   return;
    }   

    std::cout << "the shared_ptr has been released:" << std::endl;
}                                                                                                                                                                                                            

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    std::weak_ptr<Foo> wp; 

    {   
    ┊   auto sp = std::make_shared<Foo>(5);
    ┊   wp = sp; 
    ┊   std::cout << "weak ptr user count: " << wp.use_count() << std::endl;
    ┊   observe(wp);
    }   

    observe(wp);
    std::cout << "weak ptr user count: " << wp.use_count() << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

此外，weak_ptr还用于break 循环引用的问题。如cppreferance描述:
In addition, std::weak_ptr is used to break circular references of std::shared_ptr.
如《Linux服务器多线程编程》, owner持有指向child的shared_ptr，child持有指向owner的weak_ptr