perl笔记--http://perldoc.perl.org/perlintro.html

$#array代表数组最后一个元素的索引，在需要标量的地方使用@array获取元素的个数。
 foreach遍历数组元素
 foreach (@array) {
     print "This element is $_\n";
 }
 print $list[$_] foreach 0 .. $max;
 # you don't have to use the default $_ either...
 foreach my $key (keys %hash) {
     print "The value of $key is $hash{$key}\n";
 }

 hash
 my %fruit_color = ("apple", "red", "banana", "yellow");
 my %fruit_color = (
     apple  => "red",
     banana => "yellow",
 );
 获取hash元素
 $fruit_color{"apple"};           # gives "red"
 获取哈希的键值
 my @fruits = keys %fruit_colors;
 my @colors = values %fruit_colors;

关于作用域，加my作用域为块，不加my为全局变量
 my $x = "foo";
 my $some_condition = 1;
 if ($some_condition) {
     my $y = "bar";
     print $x;           # prints "foo"
     print $y;           # prints "bar"
 }
 print $x;              # prints "foo"
 print $y;      # prints nothing; $y has fallen  out of scope

unless ( condition ) {
     ...
}
同
if (!condition).

打开一个文件进行输入或者输出
 open(my $in,  "<",  "input.txt")  or die "Can't open input.txt: $!";
 open(my $out, ">",  "output.txt") or die "Can't open output.txt: $!";
 open(my $log, ">>", "my.log")     or die "Can't open my.log: $!";
 用<>来读入一个打开的文件句柄
 my $line  = <$in>;
 my @lines = <$in>;

 while (<$in>) {     # assigns each line in turn to $_
     print "Just read in this line: $_";
 }

正则表达式
简单匹配
//匹配操作符
if (/foo/)       { ... }  # true if $_ contains "foo"
if ($a =~ /foo/) { ... }  # true if $a contains "foo"
简单替换
s///替换操作符
 s/foo/bar/;               # replaces foo with bar in $_
 $a =~ s/foo/bar/;         # replaces foo with bar in $a
 $a =~ s/foo/bar/g;        
 # replaces ALL INSTANCES of foo with bar in $a

正则匹配符号
 .                   a single character
 \s                  a whitespace character (space, tab, newline,
                     ...)
 \S                  non-whitespace character
 \d                  a digit (0-9)
 \D                  a non-digit
 \w                  a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)
 \W                  a non-word character
 [aeiou]             matches a single character in the given set
 [^aeiou]            matches a single character outside the given
                     set
 (foo|bar|baz)       matches any of the alternatives specified
 ^                   start of string
 $                   end of string



----------


 *                   zero or more of the previous thing
 +                   one or more of the previous thing
 ?                   zero or one of the previous thing
 {3}                 matches exactly 3 of the previous thing
 {3,6}               matches between 3 and 6 of the previous thing

一些例子：
 /^\d+/              string starts with one or more digits
 /^$/                nothing in the string (start and end are
                     adjacent)
 /(\d\s){3}/         three digits, each followed by a whitespace
                                          character (eg "3 4 5 ")
  /(a.)+/             matches a string in which every odd-numbered
                                          letter is a (eg "abacadaf")
  # This loop reads from STDIN, and prints non-blank lines:
  while (<>) {
          next if /^$/;
     print;
 }
 将邮件地址拆分为用户名和密码
 if ($email =~ /([^@]+)@(.+)/) {
     print "Username is $1\n";
     print "Hostname is $2\n";
 }

子程序
 sub logger {
    my $logmessage = shift;
    open my $logfile, ">>", "my.log" or die "Could not open my.log: $!";
    print $logfile $logmessage;
 }