A modern epidemic

The first indication that something was not quiet,right with Matteo came when he was 1 month old:oozing skin rash on his face.Over the next few months it got so bad that his skin lesions weren’t healing properly .”Instead of oohing and aahing over my baby,people were disgusted”,says his mom,Cristina.At 5 months,doctors ran some tests and found that Mateo was among the 6 to 8 percent of children under the age of 3 with an allergy to food-in this case,breast milk.His mother put him on soy milk,but after a few months the skin rashes returned,and Meatteo began vomiting.His doctors put him on a predigested chemical milk made from amino acids.Now 2 and a half,Matteo is allergic to tomatoes,many vegetables and can’t even touch milk.Doctors haven’t made any promises,but when Matteo turns 5 they plan to administrer a controlled test of his allergic response to milk and other substances.They are hoping he simply outgrows his allergies.
马特奥1个月大的时候,第一个迹象表明事情并不平静:脸上渗出的皮疹。在接下来的几个月里,病情严重到他的皮肤损伤无法正常愈合,他的母亲克里斯蒂娜说:“人们没有为我的孩子惊讶,而是感到恶心。”在5个月大的时候,医生做了一些测试,发现马特奥是6 - 8%对食物过敏的3岁以下儿童之一——在这个例子中,食物过敏是母乳。他的母亲给他抹了豆奶,但几个月后,他的皮疹复发,马泰奥开始呕吐。他的医生给他吃了一种由氨基酸制成的化学牛奶。现在两岁半了,马泰奥对西红柿和许多蔬菜过敏,甚至连牛奶都碰不到。医生们还没有做出任何承诺,但当马泰奥5岁时,他们计划对他的牛奶和其他物质过敏进行控制测试。他们希望他能摆脱过敏症状。
Implausible as it seems,Matteo’s condition is at the cutting edge of modern pediatric medicine,right up there with hay fever.If a popular magazine had run a children’s health issue a hundred years ago,the first article might have been about diphtheria or cholera-external threats that the West has largely conquered by antibiotics and sanitation.Instead we are examining allergies,a self-generated danger,the result of an immune system out of sync with its surroundings.It’s a threat that may in part be an unintended consequence of our triumph over the infectious scourges of the past.And the urgency is growing .All allergies seem to be on the rise,in fact,but “it’s not just that more kids have allergies”,says Dr.Marc,director of allergy and immunology at hospital.The severity of those allergies has also increased.
虽然听起来难以置信,但马泰奥的病情处于现代儿科医学的前沿,与花粉热不相上下。如果一本流行杂志在100年前刊登儿童健康问题,第一篇文章可能会是关于白喉或霍乱的——西方已经在很大程度上通过抗生素和卫生设施战胜了这些外部威胁。相反,我们正在检查过敏症,这是一种自我产生的危险,是免疫系统与周围环境不同步的结果。这一威胁在某种程度上可能是我们战胜过去传染病灾难的意外后果。事实上,所有的过敏症似乎都在增加,但“这不仅仅是更多的孩子有过敏症”,医院过敏和免疫学主任马克医生说。过敏的严重程度也在增加。
An allergy is an overreaction by the immune system to a foreign substance.According to the Food Allergy ,almost any food can trigger an allergy,although eight categories account for 90 percent of all reactions:milk,eggs, peanuts(technically,a legume),tree nuts,fin fish,shellfish,soy and wheat .For reasons not fully understood ,in some people these otherwise harmless substances provoke the same reactions by which the body attempts to rid itself of dangerous pathogens.These may include sneezing,vomiting and the all-purpose localized immune-system arousal known as inflammation .The lungs may affected;allergies are a leading trigger for asthma attacks.In extreme cases,the reaction involves virtually all organ systems and proceed to anaphylaxis ,a dramatic drop in blood pressure accompanied by extreme respiratory distress that may be fatal without prompt treatment.
过敏是免疫系统对外来物质的过度反应。根据《食物过敏》,几乎任何食物都能引发过敏,尽管有八类食物占所有反应的90%:牛奶、鸡蛋、花生(严格来说,是一种豆类)、树坚果、鳍鱼、贝类、大豆和小麦。出于尚不完全清楚的原因,对某些人来说,这些本来无害的物质会引发同样的反应,从而使身体试图摆脱危险的病原体。这些症状可能包括打喷嚏、呕吐和被称为炎症的通用局部免疫系统亢奋。肺部可能受到影响;过敏是哮喘发作的主要诱因.在极端情况下,反应几乎涉及所有器官系统,并发展为过敏反应,血压急剧下降,伴有严重的呼吸窘迫,如果不及时治疗,可能会致命。
What can underlie such a self-destructive reaction?An infant who grows violently ill in the presence of as little as one hundredth of a peanut almost surely has some sort of genetic predisposition.Indeed,if one parent has an allergy ,chances are one in three that the child will be allergic,according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America,If both parents have allergies,the odds rise to 70 percent.But the children aren’t necessarily allergic to the same things as the parents-strongly suggesting that some other factors must be at work as well.And genetics cannot explain the rapid rise in allergies over the past few years or for that matter,centuries.
是什么导致了这种自我毁灭的反应?一个婴儿在哪怕只有百分之一颗花生的情况下就严重患病,几乎可以肯定是有某种遗传倾向的。事实上,根据美国哮喘和过敏基金会的数据,如果父母中有一人过敏,那么孩子过敏的几率是三分之一,如果父母双方都过敏,几率会上升到70%。但是孩子们并不一定和父母一样对同样的东西过敏——这强烈地表明一定还有其他一些因素在起作用。而且遗传学无法解释过去几年甚至几个世纪里过敏症的快速增加。
So something must have changed in the environment.One obvious place to look is air pollution.Studies by Dr Saxon,chief of a clinical immunology at UCLA,and his colleague David,have found a strong correlation between pollutants-diesel exhaust and cigarette smoke-and the development of allergies.Researchers don’t believe pollution is the whole story,though;allergies have continued to climb even as smoking and air-pollution rates have fallen.But industrialization has also brought about declines in infectious diseases and close exposure to farm animals.The “hygiene hypothesis” holds that these trends have contributed to the rise in allergies.The human immune system,which evolved in a natural environment teeming with hostile bacteria and parasites,finds itself uncomfortably idle in the antiseptic confines of the modern suburb,and failing to mature properly, takes out its frustration on harmless peanuts and shrimp.Numerous studies have lent support to this general notion.But although many researchers accept the hygiene hypothesis in outline,the emerging picture is of a complicated relationship,where does and timing of exposure play important but still uncertain roles,say Dr Scott .
所以一定是环境发生了变化。一个显而易见的地方就是空气污染。由加州大学洛杉矶分校临床免疫学主任Saxon博士和他的同事David进行的研究发现,污染物(柴油尾气和香烟烟雾)与过敏的发展密切相关。不过,研究人员并不认为污染是问题的全部。尽管吸烟率和空气污染率有所下降,过敏率仍在继续攀升。但工业化也带来了传染病的减少和与农场动物的近距离接触。“卫生假说”认为,这些趋势导致了过敏症的增加。人类的免疫系统是在充满有害细菌和寄生虫的自然环境中进化而来的,它发现自己不适地闲置在现代郊区的消毒围墙内,未能适当地成熟,只得在无害的花生和虾上发泄它的挫败感。许多研究都支持这一普遍观点。斯科特博士说,尽管许多研究人员大体上接受了卫生假说,但新出现的图景是一个复杂的关系,暴露在何处以及暴露的时间起着重要作用,但仍不确定。
So the hygiene hypothesis has yet to generate any concrete prescriptions.The eventual hope is for a way to artificially stimulate the immune system to reduce allergy risk without having all these diseases .Meanwhile,though,researchers are developing new drug therapies that go beyond epinephrine (for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis) and the growing array over-the-counter antihistamines(Histamine is a key substance in the cascade of biochemical events that constitute an allergic reaction).Newer drugs ,like Singulair and Xolair block other chemicals in the chain.
因此,卫生假说尚未产生任何具体的处方。最终的希望是一种人为地刺激免疫系统降低过敏风险没有所有这些疾病与此同时,研究人员正在开发新的药物疗法,超越肾上腺素(紧急治疗速发型过敏反应)和越来越多非处方抗组胺药(组胺的关键物质构成过敏反应的一连串生化反应)。新药物,如顺尔宁和索莱尔会阻断链中的其他化学物质。
Pediatricians have also begun taking allergies more seriously.One key bit of advice to mothers is to breast-feed infants exclusively for six months.Delaying children’s exposure to novel foods in this way is the hallmark for food-allergy prevention,says the American Academy of Pediatrics.once an allergy has been diagnosed,the only thing to do is draw a cordon sanitaire around the child .Susan is allergic to milk products,eggs,fish,nuts and mustard,goes so far as to check out school art supplies;a fourth-grade teacher once mentioned adding eggs to tempera paint for a better texture.Thanks to her vigilance ,her home-cooked and prefrozen meals and New York’s ubiquitous fruit and vegetable markets,David is a healthy,normal boy,an avid skier and alive.
儿科医生也开始更认真地对待过敏症。给母亲们的一个关键建议是用母乳喂养婴儿6个月。美国儿科院说,用这种方法推迟儿童接触新食物是预防食物过敏症的标志。一旦诊断出过敏症,唯一要做的就是在孩子周围画一条警戒线。苏珊对奶制品、鸡蛋、鱼、坚果和芥末过敏,甚至检查学校的艺术用品;一位四年级的老师曾经提到在蛋彩画中加入鸡蛋以获得更好的质感。多亏了她的警惕,她的家常菜和预冻食品以及纽约随处可见的水果和蔬菜市场,大卫成了一个健康、正常的男孩,一个狂热的滑雪爱好者,而且充满活力.
总:
1.马特奥1个月大的时候,第一个迹象表明事情并不平静:脸上渗出的皮疹。在接下来的几个月里,病情严重到他的皮肤损伤无法正常愈合,他的母亲克里斯蒂娜说:“人们没有为我的孩子惊讶,而是感到恶心。”在5个月大的时候,医生做了一些测试,发现马特奥是6 - 8%对食物过敏的3岁以下儿童之一——在这个例子中,食物过敏是母乳。他的母亲给他抹了豆奶,但几个月后,他的皮疹复发,马泰奥开始呕吐。他的医生给他吃了一种由氨基酸制成的化学牛奶。现在两岁半了,马泰奥对西红柿和许多蔬菜过敏,甚至连牛奶都碰不到。医生们还没有做出任何承诺,但当马泰奥5岁时,他们计划对他的牛奶和其他物质过敏进行控制测试。他们希望他能摆脱过敏症状。

2.虽然听起来难以置信,但马泰奥的病情处于现代儿科医学的前沿,与花粉热不相上下。如果一本流行杂志在100年前刊登儿童健康问题,第一篇文章可能会是关于白喉或霍乱的——西方已经在很大程度上通过抗生素和卫生设施战胜了这些外部威胁。相反,我们正在检查过敏症,这是一种自我产生的危险,是免疫系统与周围环境不同步的结果。这一威胁在某种程度上可能是我们战胜过去传染病灾难的意外后果。事实上,所有的过敏症似乎都在增加,但“这不仅仅是更多的孩子有过敏症”,医院过敏和免疫学主任马克医生说。过敏的严重程度也在增加。

3.过敏是免疫系统对外来物质的过度反应。根据《食物过敏》,几乎任何食物都能引发过敏,尽管有八类食物占所有反应的90%:牛奶、鸡蛋、花生(严格来说,是一种豆类)、树坚果、鳍鱼、贝类、大豆和小麦。出于尚不完全清楚的原因,对某些人来说,这些本来无害的物质会引发同样的反应,从而使身体试图摆脱危险的病原体。这些症状可能包括打喷嚏、呕吐和被称为炎症的通用局部免疫系统亢奋。肺部可能受到影响;过敏是哮喘发作的主要诱因.在极端情况下,反应几乎涉及所有器官系统,并发展为过敏反应,血压急剧下降,伴有严重的呼吸窘迫,如果不及时治疗,可能会致命。

4.是什么导致了这种自我毁灭的反应?一个婴儿在哪怕只有百分之一颗花生的情况下就严重患病,几乎可以肯定是有某种遗传倾向的。事实上,根据美国哮喘和过敏基金会的数据,如果父母中有一人过敏,那么孩子过敏的几率是三分之一,如果父母双方都过敏,几率会上升到70%。但是孩子们并不一定和父母一样对同样的东西过敏——这强烈地表明一定还有其他一些因素在起作用。而且遗传学无法解释过去几年甚至几个世纪里过敏症的快速增加。

5.所以一定是环境发生了变化。一个显而易见的地方就是空气污染。由加州大学洛杉矶分校临床免疫学主任Saxon博士和他的同事David进行的研究发现,污染物(柴油尾气和香烟烟雾)与过敏的发展密切相关。不过,研究人员并不认为污染是问题的全部。尽管吸烟率和空气污染率有所下降,过敏率仍在继续攀升。但工业化也带来了传染病的减少和与农场动物的近距离接触。“卫生假说”认为,这些趋势导致了过敏症的增加。人类的免疫系统是在充满有害细菌和寄生虫的自然环境中进化而来的,它发现自己不适地闲置在现代郊区的消毒围墙内,未能适当地成熟,只得在无害的花生和虾上发泄它的挫败感。许多研究都支持这一普遍观点。斯科特博士说,尽管许多研究人员大体上接受了卫生假说,但新出现的图景是一个复杂的关系,暴露在何处以及暴露的时间起着重要作用,但仍不确定。

6.因此,卫生假说尚未产生任何具体的处方。最终的希望是一种人为地刺激免疫系统降低过敏风险没有所有这些疾病与此同时,研究人员正在开发新的药物疗法,超越肾上腺素(紧急治疗速发型过敏反应)和越来越多非处方抗组胺药(组胺的关键物质构成过敏反应的一连串生化反应)。新药物,如顺尔宁和索莱尔会阻断链中的其他化学物质。

7.儿科医生也开始更认真地对待过敏症。给母亲们的一个关键建议是用母乳喂养婴儿6个月。美国儿科院说,用这种方法推迟儿童接触新食物是预防食物过敏症的标志。一旦诊断出过敏症,唯一要做的就是在孩子周围画一条警戒线。苏珊对奶制品、鸡蛋、鱼、坚果和芥末过敏,甚至检查学校的艺术用品;一位四年级的老师曾经提到在蛋彩画中加入鸡蛋以获得更好的质感。多亏了她的警惕,她的家常菜和预冻食品以及纽约随处可见的水果和蔬菜市场,大卫成了一个健康、正常的男孩,一个狂热的滑雪爱好者,而且充满活力.

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