第五十六课：函数模板的概念和意义---狄泰软件学院

一、C++中有几种交换变量的方法？
定义宏代码块VS定义函数

实例分析1：变量的交换

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

#define SWAP(t, a, b)    \
do                       \
{                        \
    t c = a;             \
    a = b;               \
    b = c;               \
}while(0)


void Swap(int& a, int& b)
{
    int c = a;
    a = b;
    b = c;
}

void Swap(double& a, double& b)
{
    double c = a;
    a = b;
    b = c;
}

void Swap(string& a, string& b)
{
    string c = a;
    a = b;
    b = c;
}

int main()
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 1;
    SWAP(int ,a,b); 
        
    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "b = " << b << endl;
    
    Swap(a, b);
    
    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "b = " << b << endl;
    
    double m = 2;
    double n = 3;
    
    Swap(m, n);
    
    cout << "m = " << m << endl;
    cout << "n = " << n << endl;
    
    string d = "Delphi";
    string t = "Tang";
    
    Swap(d, t);
    
    cout << "d = " << d << endl;
    cout << "t = " << t << endl;
    
    return 0;
}
a = 1
b = 0
a = 0
b = 1
m = 3
n = 2
d = Tang
t = Delphi

1、定义宏代码块
（1）优点：代码复用，适合所有的类型
（2）缺点：编译器不知道宏的存在，缺少数据类型检查
2、定义函数
（1）优点：真正的函数调用，编译器对类型进行检查
（2）缺点：根据类型重复定义函数，无法代码复用

二、C++中有没有解决方案集合，两种方法的优点？
1、泛型编程的概念
2、函数模板
3、函数模板的语法规则
4、函数模板的使用
实例分析2：函数模板使用初探

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

template < typename T >
void Swap(T& a, T& b)
{
    T c = a;
    a = b;
    b = c;
}

template < typename T >
void Sort(T a[], int len)
{
    for(int i=0; i<len; i++)
    {
        for(int j=i; j<len; j++)
        {
            if( a[i] > a[j] )
            {
                Swap(a[i], a[j]);
            }
        }
    }
}

template < typename T >
void Println(T a[], int len)
{
    for(int i=0; i<len; i++)
    {
        cout << a[i] << ", ";
    }
    
    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
	int a1 = 0;
    int b1 = 1;
	Swap(a1, b1);
    
    cout << "a1 = " << a1 << endl;
    cout << "b1 = " << b1 << endl;
    
    double m = 2;
    double n = 3;
    
    Swap(m, n);
    
    cout << "m = " << m << endl;
    cout << "n = " << n << endl;
    
    string d = "Delphi";
    string t = "Tang";
    
    Swap(d, t);
    
    cout << "d = " << d << endl;
    cout << "t = " << t << endl;
	
    int a[5] = {5, 3, 2, 4, 1};
    
    Println(a, 5);
    Sort(a, 5);
    Println(a, 5);
    
    string s[5] = {"Java", "C++", "Pascal", "Ruby", "Basic"};
    
    Println(s, 5);
    Sort(s, 5);
    Println(s, 5);
    
    return 0;
}
a1 = 1
b1 = 0
m = 3
n = 2
d = Tang
t = Delphi
5, 3, 2, 4, 1,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Java, C++, Pascal, Ruby, Basic,
Basic, C++, Java, Pascal, Ruby,

总结：

1. 函数模板是泛型编程在C++中的应用方式之一
2. 函数模板能够根据实参对参数类型进行推导
3. 函数模板支持显式指定参数类型
4. 函数模板是C++中重要的代码复用方式