二手车交易价格预测task02-数据分析

题目链接
https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/231784/introduction?spm=5176.12281957.1004.1.38b02448ausjSX

1 载入各种数据科学以及可视化库

import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import missingno as msno

data_train = pd.read_csv('used_car_train_20200313.csv',sep=' ')
data_testA = pd.read_csv('used_car_testA_20200313.csv',sep=' ')

2 观察数据

data_train.head()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	...	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	...	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	...	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	...	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	...	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	...	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482

5 rows × 31 columns

特征含义

• name - 汽车编码
• regDate - 汽车注册时间
• model - 车型编码
• brand - 品牌
• bodyType - 车身类型
• fuelType - 燃油类型
• gearbox - 变速箱
• power - 汽车功率
• kilometer - 汽车行驶公里
• notRepairedDamage - 汽车有尚未修复的损坏
• regionCode - 看车地区编码
• seller - 销售方
• offerType - 报价类型
• creatDate - 广告发布时间
• price - 汽车价格
• v_0’, ‘v_1’, ‘v_2’, ‘v_3’, ‘v_4’, ‘v_5’, ‘v_6’, ‘v_7’, ‘v_8’, ‘v_9’, ‘v_10’, ‘v_11’, ‘v_12’, ‘v_13’,‘v_14’（根据汽车的评论、标签等大量信息得到的embedding向量）【人工构造 匿名特征】

详细信息

data_train.describe()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	...	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
count	150000.000000	150000.000000	1.500000e+05	149999.000000	150000.000000	145494.000000	141320.000000	144019.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	...	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000
mean	74999.500000	68349.172873	2.003417e+07	47.129021	8.052733	1.792369	0.375842	0.224943	119.316547	12.597160	...	0.248204	0.044923	0.124692	0.058144	0.061996	-0.001000	0.009035	0.004813	0.000313	-0.000688
std	43301.414527	61103.875095	5.364988e+04	49.536040	7.864956	1.760640	0.548677	0.417546	177.168419	3.919576	...	0.045804	0.051743	0.201410	0.029186	0.035692	3.772386	3.286071	2.517478	1.288988	1.038685
min	0.000000	0.000000	1.991000e+07	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.500000	...	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	-9.168192	-5.558207	-9.639552	-4.153899	-6.546556
25%	37499.750000	11156.000000	1.999091e+07	10.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	75.000000	12.500000	...	0.243615	0.000038	0.062474	0.035334	0.033930	-3.722303	-1.951543	-1.871846	-1.057789	-0.437034
50%	74999.500000	51638.000000	2.003091e+07	30.000000	6.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	110.000000	15.000000	...	0.257798	0.000812	0.095866	0.057014	0.058484	1.624076	-0.358053	-0.130753	-0.036245	0.141246
75%	112499.250000	118841.250000	2.007111e+07	66.000000	13.000000	3.000000	1.000000	0.000000	150.000000	15.000000	...	0.265297	0.102009	0.125243	0.079382	0.087491	2.844357	1.255022	1.776933	0.942813	0.680378
max	149999.000000	196812.000000	2.015121e+07	247.000000	39.000000	7.000000	6.000000	1.000000	19312.000000	15.000000	...	0.291838	0.151420	1.404936	0.160791	0.222787	12.357011	18.819042	13.847792	11.147669	8.658418

8 rows × 30 columns

print(data_train.shape,data_testA.shape)

(150000, 31) (50000, 30)

3 查看缺失值

print(data_train.isnull().sum())
print(data_testA.isnull().sum())

SaleID                  0
name                    0
regDate                 0
model                   1
brand                   0
bodyType             4506
fuelType             8680
gearbox              5981
power                   0
kilometer               0
notRepairedDamage       0
regionCode              0
seller                  0
offerType               0
creatDate               0
price                   0
v_0                     0
v_1                     0
v_2                     0
v_3                     0
v_4                     0
v_5                     0
v_6                     0
v_7                     0
v_8                     0
v_9                     0
v_10                    0
v_11                    0
v_12                    0
v_13                    0
v_14                    0
dtype: int64
SaleID                  0
name                    0
regDate                 0
model                   0
brand                   0
bodyType             1413
fuelType             2893
gearbox              1910
power                   0
kilometer               0
notRepairedDamage       0
regionCode              0
seller                  0
offerType               0
creatDate               0
v_0                     0
v_1                     0
v_2                     0
v_3                     0
v_4                     0
v_5                     0
v_6                     0
v_7                     0
v_8                     0
v_9                     0
v_10                    0
v_11                    0
v_12                    0
v_13                    0
v_14                    0
dtype: int64

从统计情况看，训练数据中model、bodyType、fuelType、gearbox存在缺失值

缺失值可视化

missing = data_train.isnull().sum()
missing = missing[missing > 0]
missing.sort_values(inplace=True)
missing.plot.bar()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ee2a3f4e0>

# 可视化看下缺省值
msno.matrix(data_train.sample(250))

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ee294d5f8>

msno.bar(data_train.sample(1000))

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ee1f47f60>

数据中只有notRepairedDamage是Object类型

data_train['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()

0.0    111361
-       24324
1.0     14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64

可以看出来‘ - ’也为空缺值，因为很多模型对nan有直接的处理，这里我们先不做处理，先替换成nan

data_train['notRepairedDamage'].replace('-', np.nan, inplace=True)
data_testA['notRepairedDamage'].replace('-', np.nan, inplace=True)

data_train['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()

0.0    111361
1.0     14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64

seller，offerType两个类别特征严重倾斜，一般不会对预测有什么帮助，故这边先删掉，当然你也可以继续挖掘，但是一般意义不大

print(data_train.seller.value_counts())
print(data_train.offerType.value_counts())

0    149999
1         1
Name: seller, dtype: int64
0    150000
Name: offerType, dtype: int64

del data_train['seller']
del data_train['offerType']
del data_testA['seller']
del data_testA['offerType']

data_train.shape

(150000, 29)

4 了解预测值的分布

sns.violinplot(data_train.price)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ee15a82e8>

可以看出，数据基本服从长尾分布

sns.boxplot(data_train.price)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ee159e390>

从箱线图中可以看出，大部分数据在0～20000之间

## 1) 总体分布概况（无界约翰逊分布等）
import scipy.stats as st
y = data_train['price']
plt.figure(1); plt.title('Johnson SU')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.johnsonsu)
plt.figure(2); plt.title('Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.norm)
plt.figure(3); plt.title('Log Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.lognorm)

/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "





<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7edcc72908>

价格不服从正态分布，先对其进行转换

## 2) 查看skewness and kurtosis
sns.distplot(data_train['price']);
print("Skewness: %f" % data_train['price'].skew())
print("Kurtosis: %f" % data_train['price'].kurt())

/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "


Skewness: 3.346487
Kurtosis: 18.995183

skewness：Definition:是描述数据分布形态的统计量，其描述的是某总体取值分布的对称性，简单来说就是数据的不对称程度。
偏度是三阶中心距计算出来的。
（1）Skewness = 0 ，分布形态与正态分布偏度相同。
（2）Skewness > 0 ，正偏差数值较大，为正偏或右偏。长尾巴拖在右边，数据右端有较多的极端值。
（3）Skewness < 0 ，负偏差数值较大，为负偏或左偏。长尾巴拖在左边，数据左端有较多的极端值。
（4）数值的绝对值越大，表明数据分布越不对称，偏斜程度大。
计算公式：
$Skewness=E[((x-E(x))/(\sqrt{D(x)}){)}^3]$
| Skewness| 越大，分布形态偏移程度越大。
kurtosis：Definition:偏度是描述某变量所有取值分布形态陡缓程度的统计量，简单来说就是数据分布顶的尖锐程度。
峰度是四阶标准矩计算出来的。
（1）Kurtosis=0 与正态分布的陡缓程度相同。
（2）Kurtosis>0 比正态分布的高峰更加陡峭——尖顶峰
（3）Kurtosis<0 比正态分布的高峰来得平台——平顶峰
计算公式：
$Kurtosis=E[((x-E(x))/(\sqrt{(}D(x))){)}^4]-3$

#数据的偏度
sns.distplot(data_train.skew(),color='blue',axlabel ='Skewness')

/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "





<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7edc91c4e0>

sns.distplot(data_train.kurt(),color='blue',axlabel ='Skewness')

/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "





<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ecdbf89b0>

## 3) 查看预测值的具体频数
plt.hist(data_train['price'], orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red')
plt.show()

查看频数, 大于20000得值极少，其实这里也可以把这些当作特殊得值（异常值）直接用填充或者删掉，再前面进行

# log变换 z之后的分布较均匀，可以进行log变换进行预测，这也是预测问题常用的trick
plt.hist(np.log(data_train['price']), orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red') 
plt.show()

5 特征分为类别特征和数字特征，并对类别特征查看unique分布

# 数字特征
numeric_features = data_train.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
print(numeric_features.columns)
# # 类型特征
categorical_features = data_train.select_dtypes(include=[np.object])
print(categorical_features.columns)

Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
       'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'regionCode', 'creatDate', 'price',
       'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9',
       'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14'],
      dtype='object')
Index(['notRepairedDamage'], dtype='object')

上述方法不适用，因为有些类型特征也是由数字表示的，需要人工区分

numeric_features = ['power', 'kilometer', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13','v_14' ]

categorical_features = ['name', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType', 'gearbox', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',]

# 特征nunique分布
for cat_fea in categorical_features:
#     print(cat_fea + "的特征分布如下：")
    print("{}特征有个{}不同的值".format(cat_fea, data_train[cat_fea].nunique()))
#     print(data_train[cat_fea].value_counts())

name特征有个99662不同的值
model特征有个248不同的值
brand特征有个40不同的值
bodyType特征有个8不同的值
fuelType特征有个7不同的值
gearbox特征有个2不同的值
notRepairedDamage特征有个2不同的值
regionCode特征有个7905不同的值

数字特征分析

numeric_features.append('price')

## 1) 相关性分析
price_numeric = data_train[numeric_features]
correlation = price_numeric.corr()
print(correlation['price'].sort_values(ascending = False),'\n')

price        1.000000
v_12         0.692823
v_8          0.685798
v_0          0.628397
power        0.219834
v_5          0.164317
v_2          0.085322
v_6          0.068970
v_1          0.060914
v_14         0.035911
v_13        -0.013993
v_7         -0.053024
v_4         -0.147085
v_9         -0.206205
v_10        -0.246175
v_11        -0.275320
kilometer   -0.440519
v_3         -0.730946
Name: price, dtype: float64 

用热力图表示

f , ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))

plt.title('Correlation of Numeric Features with Price',y=1,size=16)

sns.heatmap(correlation,square = True,  vmax=0.8)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7edc6e9a20>

## 2) 查看几个特征的偏度和峰值
for col in numeric_features:
    print('{:15}'.format(col), 
          'Skewness: {:05.2f}'.format(data_train[col].skew()) , 
          '  ' ,
          'Kurtosis: {:06.2f}'.format(data_train[col].kurt())  
         )

power           Skewness: 65.86    Kurtosis: 5733.45
kilometer       Skewness: -1.53    Kurtosis: 001.14
v_0             Skewness: -1.32    Kurtosis: 003.99
v_1             Skewness: 00.36    Kurtosis: -01.75
v_2             Skewness: 04.84    Kurtosis: 023.86
v_3             Skewness: 00.11    Kurtosis: -00.42
v_4             Skewness: 00.37    Kurtosis: -00.20
v_5             Skewness: -4.74    Kurtosis: 022.93
v_6             Skewness: 00.37    Kurtosis: -01.74
v_7             Skewness: 05.13    Kurtosis: 025.85
v_8             Skewness: 00.20    Kurtosis: -00.64
v_9             Skewness: 00.42    Kurtosis: -00.32
v_10            Skewness: 00.03    Kurtosis: -00.58
v_11            Skewness: 03.03    Kurtosis: 012.57
v_12            Skewness: 00.37    Kurtosis: 000.27
v_13            Skewness: 00.27    Kurtosis: -00.44
v_14            Skewness: -1.19    Kurtosis: 002.39
price           Skewness: 03.35    Kurtosis: 019.00

## 3) 每个数字特征得分布可视化
f = pd.melt(data_train, value_vars=numeric_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False)
g = g.map(sns.distplot, "value")

/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
/home/myth/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6462: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
  warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "

## 4) 数字特征相互之间的关系可视化
sns.set()
columns = ['price', 'v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5',  'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
sns.pairplot(data_train[columns],size = 2 ,kind ='scatter',diag_kind='kde')
plt.show()

参考资料：pairplot相关用法
https://www.jianshu.com/p/6e18d21a4cad

## 5) 多变量互相回归关系可视化
fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4), (ax5, ax6), (ax7, ax8), (ax9, ax10)) = plt.subplots(nrows=5, ncols=2, figsize=(24, 20))
# ['v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5',  'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
v_12_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_12']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_12',y = 'price', data = v_12_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax1)

v_8_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_8']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_8',y = 'price',data = v_8_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax2)

v_0_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_0']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_0',y = 'price',data = v_0_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax3)

power_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['power']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='power',y = 'price',data = power_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax4)

v_5_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_5']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_5',y = 'price',data = v_5_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax5)

v_2_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_2']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_2',y = 'price',data = v_2_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax6)

v_6_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_6']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_6',y = 'price',data = v_6_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax7)

v_1_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_1']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_1',y = 'price',data = v_1_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax8)

v_14_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_14']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_14',y = 'price',data = v_14_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax9)

v_13_scatter_plot = pd.concat([data_train['price'],data_train['v_13']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_13',y = 'price',data = v_13_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax10)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f7ecfda8da0>

类别特征分析

## 1) unique分布
for fea in categorical_features:
    print(data_train[fea].nunique())

99662
248
40
8
7
2
2
7905

## 2) 类别特征箱形图可视化

# 因为 name和 regionCode的类别太稀疏了，这里我们把不稀疏的几类画一下
categorical_features = ['model',
 'brand',
 'bodyType',
 'fuelType',
 'gearbox',
 'notRepairedDamage']
for c in categorical_features:
    data_train[c] = data_train[c].astype('category')
    if data_train[c].isnull().any():
        data_train[c] = data_train[c].cat.add_categories(['MISSING'])
        data_train[c] = data_train[c].fillna('MISSING')

def boxplot(x, y, **kwargs):
    sns.boxplot(x=x, y=y)
    x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)

f = pd.melt(data_train, id_vars=['price'], value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(boxplot, "value", "price")

常用的画图函数：

箱线图
sns.boxplot(x=x, y=y，data=data)
小提琴图
sns.violinplot(x=x, y=y，data=data)
柱状图
sns.barplot(x=x, y=y，data=data)
频数柱状图
sns.countplot(x=x)

用pandas_profiling生成数据报告

import pandas_profiling

pfr = pandas_profiling.ProfileReport(data_train)
pfr.to_file("./example.html")

HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='variables', max=29.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_wid…

HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='variables', max=29.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_wid…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='correlations', max=6.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_w…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='interactions [continuous]', max=729.0, style=ProgressStyl…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='table', max=1.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_width='i…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='missing', max=4.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_width=…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='warnings', max=3.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_width…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='package', max=1.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_width=…






HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='build report structure', max=1.0, style=ProgressStyle(des…