C++11 time_point

一 chrono库

• C++ 标准库chrono中有三个比较重要的概念，它们分别是：
  • clocks 参考此前文章 C++11 clock.
  • durations 参考此前文章 C++11 std::duration.
  • time points
• 本文主要对 time_point 概念进行讨论。

二 time_point

1. 类模板 std::chrono::time_point 表示时间中的一个点。它被实现成如同存储一个 Duration 类型的自 Clock 的epoch开始的时间间隔值。

   Class template std::chrono::time_point represents a point in time. It is implemented as if it stores a value of type Duration indicating the time interval from the start of the Clock’s epoch.

2. 定义于头文件 < chrono >

   template<class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration> 
   class time_point; (C++11 起)
   

三 成员类型

• clock Clock， 用于计量时间点的时钟类型
• duration Duration ，用于计量从时钟epoch起的时间间隔类型
• rep Rep ，与duration ::rep相同含义，表示计次类型
• period Period ，与duration ::period 相同含义，表示时间单位(计次周期)类型

四 Demo辅助函数

• 下面Demo用到的辅助函数如下：

  using namespace std;
  using Clock = chrono::high_resolution_clock;
  using TimePoint = chrono::time_point<Clock>;
  
  void print_ms(const TimePoint& point) {
    using Ms = chrono::milliseconds;
    const Clock::duration since_epoch = point.time_since_epoch();
    cout << chrono::duration_cast<Ms>(since_epoch).count() << " ms\n";
  }
  
  template <typename TP>
  string to_string(const TP& time_point) {
    return to_string(time_point.time_since_epoch().count());
  }
  

五 成员函数

1 构造函数

• 定义

  time_point(); (C++11 起)(C++14 前)(1)
  constexpr time_point(); (C++14 起)(1)
  explicit time_point( const duration& d ); (C++11 起)(C++14 前)(2)
  constexpr explicit time_point( const duration& d ); (C++14 起)(2)
  template< class Duration2 >
  time_point( const time_point<Clock,Duration2>& t ); (C++11 起)(C++14 前)(3)
  template< class Duration2 >
  constexpr time_point( const time_point<Clock,Duration2>& t );(C++14 起)(3)
  

• 解释

  • (1) 默认构造，时间点为Clock的epoch
  • (2) 构造的时间点为Clock的epoch + 时间间隔d
  • (3) 用于隐式转换

• 例子

  const TimePoint default_value = TimePoint();  // (1)
  print_ms(default_value);
  
  const Clock::duration duration_4_seconds = chrono::seconds(4);
  const TimePoint time_point_4_seconds(duration_4_seconds);  // (2)
  print_ms(time_point_4_seconds);
  const TimePoint time_point_now = Clock::now();  // (3)
  print_ms(time_point_now);
  

• 结果

  0 ms
  4000 ms
  587455781 ms
  

2 time_since_epoch

• 返回时间点到Clock epoch之间的时间间隔。

• 定义

  duration time_since_epoch() const; (since C++11)(until C++14)
  constexpr duration time_since_epoch() const; (since C++14)
  

• Demo

  const auto p0 = chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock>{};
  const auto p1 = chrono::system_clock::now();
  const auto p2 = p1 - chrono::hours(24);
  
  time_t epoch_time = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(p0);
  cout << "epoch: " << ctime(&epoch_time);
  time_t today_time = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(p1);
  cout << "today: " << ctime(&today_time);
  
  cout << "hours since epoch: "
       << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::hours>(p1.time_since_epoch()).count()
       << endl;
  cout << "yesterday, hours since epoch: "
       << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::hours>(p2.time_since_epoch()).count()
       << endl;
  

• 结果

  epoch: Thu Jan  1 08:00:00 1970
  today: Wed Sep 30 14:33:23 2020
  hours since epoch: 444846
  yesterday, hours since epoch: 444822
  

3 operator+= operator-=

• 将时间点加减指定的时间间隔。
• 定义

  time_point& operator+=( const duration& d );(until C++17)(1)
  constexpr time_point& operator+=( const duration& d );(since C++17)(1)
  time_point& operator-=( const duration& d );(until C++17)(2)
  constexpr time_point& operator-=( const duration& d );(since C++17)(2)
  

• Demo

  const Clock::duration duration_4_seconds = chrono::seconds(4);
  TimePoint time_point_4_seconds(duration_4_seconds);
  time_point_4_seconds += duration_4_seconds;
  print_ms(time_point_4_seconds);
  

• 结果

  8000 ms
  

3 min max [static]

• 返回特殊时间点值
• Demo

  print_ms(TimePoint::min());
  print_ms(TimePoint::max());
  

• 结果

  -9223372036854 ms
  9223372036854 ms
  

4 operator++ ++(int) – --(int) (C++20)

• 略

六 非成员函数

1 算术运算

• operator+ operator-
• 定义

  template <class C, class D1, class R2, class P2>
  time_point<C, typename common_type<D1, duration<R2, P2>>::type>
  operator+(const time_point<C, D1>& pt, const duration<R2, P2>& d);
  (since C++ 11)(until C++ 14)(1)
  template <class C, class D1, class R2, class P2>
  constexpr time_point<C, common_type_t<D1, duration<R2, P2>>> 
  operator+(const time_point<C, D1>& pt, const duration<R2, P2>& d);
  (since C++ 14)(1)
  
  template <class R1, class P1, class C, class D2>
  time_point<C, typename common_type<duration<R1, P1>, D2>::type>
  operator+(const duration<R1, P1>& d, const time_point<C, D2>& pt);
  (since C++ 11)(until C++ 14)(2)
  template <class R1, class P1, class C, class D2>
  constexpr time_point<C, common_type_t<duration<R1, P1>, D2>> 
  operator+(const duration<R1, P1>& d, const time_point<C, D2>& pt);
  (since C++ 14)(2)
  
  template <class C, class D1, class R2, class P2>
  time_point<C, typename common_type<D1, duration<R2, P2>>::type>
  operator-(const time_point<C, D1>& pt, const duration<R2, P2>& d);
  (since C++ 11)(until C++ 14)(3)
  template <class C, class D1, class R2, class P2>
  constexpr time_point<C, common_type_t<D1, duration<R2, P2>>> 
  operator-(const time_point<C, D1>& pt, const duration<R2, P2>& d);
  (since C++ 14)(3)
  
  template <class C, class D1, class D2>
  typename common_type<D1, D2>::type operator-(
  const time_point<C, D1>& pt_lhs, const time_point<C, D2>& pt_rhs);
  (since C++ 11)(until C++ 14)(4)
  template <class C, class D1, class D2>
  constexpr common_type_t<D1, D2> operator-(
  const time_point<C, D1>& pt_lhs, const time_point<C, D2>& pt_rhs);
  (since C++ 14)(4)
  

• Demo

  const Clock::duration duration_4_seconds = chrono::seconds(4);
  TimePoint time_point_4_seconds(duration_4_seconds);
  
  time_point_4_seconds = time_point_4_seconds + duration_4_seconds;
  print_ms(time_point_4_seconds);
  time_point_4_seconds = time_point_4_seconds - duration_4_seconds;
  print_ms(time_point_4_seconds);
  
  const Clock::duration milliseconds = chrono::milliseconds(10);
  time_point_4_seconds = time_point_4_seconds - milliseconds;
  print_ms(time_point_4_seconds);
  

• 结果

  8000 ms
  4000 ms
  3990 ms
  

• 注意
  • 前提是Clock相同
  • 实际是Duration的转换运算

2 关系运算

• operator==,!=,<,<=,>,>=,<=>
• 略

3 time_point_cast

• 显式转换
• 定义

  template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
  time_point<Clock, ToDuration> time_point_cast(
            const time_point<Clock, Duration> &t);(since C++11)(until C++14)
  template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
  constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> time_point_cast(
            const time_point<Clock, Duration> &t);(since C++14)
  

• 说明
  • Clock相同，实际是Duration的转换运算

    Converts a std::chrono::time_point from one duration to another.

• Demo

  const Clock::duration duration_4_seconds = chrono::seconds(4);
  TimePoint time_point_4_seconds(duration_4_seconds);
  print_ms(chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(time_point_4_seconds));
  

• 结果

  4000 ms
  

4 floor ceil round

• floor向下取整；ceil向上取整；round就近取整，偶数优先；
• Demo

  using namespace literals::chrono_literals;
  using Sec = chrono::seconds;
  
  cout << "Time point\t"
               "Cast\t"
               "Floor\t"
               "Round\t"
               "Ceil\n";
  cout << "(ms)\t\t"
               "(s)\t"
               "(s)\t"
               "(s)\t"
               "(s)\n";
  for (const auto value_ms : {5432ms, 5678ms}) {
    chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, chrono::milliseconds>
    time_point_ms(value_ms);
  
    cout << to_string(time_point_ms) << "\t\t"
         << to_string(chrono::time_point_cast<Sec>(time_point_ms))
         << "\t" << to_string(chrono::floor<Sec>(time_point_ms))
         << "\t" << to_string(chrono::round<Sec>(time_point_ms))
         << "\t" << to_string(chrono::ceil<Sec>(time_point_ms))
         << "\n";
  }
  

• 结果

  Time point      Cast    Floor   Round   Ceil
  (ms)            (s)     (s)     (s)     (s)
  5432            5       5       5       6
  5678            5       5       6       6
  

七 辅助类

std::common_type< std::chrono::time_point >

• std::common_type 特化)
• Demo

  cout << typeid(common_type<chrono::time_point<Clock, chrono::seconds>,
          chrono::time_point<Clock, chrono::milliseconds>>::type).name() 
       << endl;
  

• 结果

  class std::chrono::time_point<struct std::chrono::steady_clock,
  class std::chrono::duration<__int64,struct std::ratio<1,1000> > >
  

八 参考

• cppreference - time_point