使用线程的几种方式（1） 流水线

1、流水线：每个线程反复的在数据集上执行同一种操作，并把操作结果传递给下一步骤其他线程。“数据元素”流被串行的执行。

     下面例子来自《posix多线程程序设计》，流水线中的每个线程将它的输入加一，然后传递给下一个线程。当不停的输入时，程序依次从最后一个线程开始逐个往前阻塞，直到从最后一个线程读取数据，并发送ready信号，表示前一个线程可以给该线程传递数据。

     当data_ready=0时，等待条件变量avail，条件avail用来通知某步要处理的数据已准备好，在准备好数据之后，data_ready=1，并发送avail信号，通知线程，可以给下一步骤线程发送数据；当data_ready=1时，等待变量ready，ready表示可以发送数据，在发送上一份数据之后，data_reay=0，并发送ready信号，通知线程，可以接收上一步骤线程发来的数据。总之，avail信号把数据发送给下一步骤，ready接收上一步骤数据。

/*
 * pipe.c
 * 线程使用方式流水线示例程序.
 * make:cc -g  -lpthread -Wall -o pipe pipe.c
 */
#include <pthread.h>
#include "errors.h"

typedef struct stage_tag {
    pthread_mutex_t mutex; /*保护数据*/
    pthread_cond_t  avail; /*当前流水节点处于空闲可用状态, 等待接收数据，进行加工*/
    pthread_cond_t  ready; /*当前处于数据准备状态，写入当前节点，*/
    int             data_ready;  /*节点数据状态， 1 表示准备好，等待发送  0 表示没有数据*/
    long            data;
    pthread_t       thread;
    struct stage_tag *next;
} stage_t;

typedef struct pipe_tag {
    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
    struct stage_tag *head; 
    struct stage_tag *tail; 
    int             stages; /*流水线上的单元stage_tag数量*/
    int             active;
} pipe_t;

int pipe_send(stage_t * stage, long data)
{
    int status;
    status = pthread_mutex_lock(&stage->mutex);	
    if(status != 0) return status;
    /* 一般一个条件表达式都是在一个互斥锁的保护下被检查。
     * 当条件表达式未被满足时，线程将仍然阻塞在这个条件变量上。
     * 当另一个线程改变了条件的值并向条件变量发出信号时，
     * 等待在这个条件变量上的一个线程或所有线程被唤醒，
     * 接着都试图再次占有相应的互斥锁。阻塞在条件变量上的线程被唤醒以后，
     * 直到pthread_cond_wait()函数返回之前条件的值都有可能发生变化。
     * 所以函数返回以后，在锁定相应的互斥锁之前，必须重新测试条件值。
     * 最好的测试方法是循环调用pthread_cond_wait函数，并把满足条件的表达式置为循环的终止条件。
     * 如：pthread_mutex_lock(); while (condition_is_false) pthread_cond_wait(); pthread_mutex_unlock();
     */
    while(stage->data_ready){
        status = pthread_cond_wait(&stage->ready, &stage->mutex);
        if(status != 0){
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&stage->mutex);
            return status;
        }
    } 
    stage->data = data;
    stage->data_ready = 1;
    status = pthread_cond_signal(&stage->avail); 
    if(status != 0){
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&stage->mutex);
        return status;
    }
    status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&stage->mutex);
    return status;
}

void *pipe_stage(void *arg)
{
    stage_t *stage = (stage_t*)arg;
    stage_t *next_stage = stage->next;
    int status;
    
    status = pthread_mutex_lock(&stage->mutex);
    if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_mutex_lock failed\n");

    while(1) {
        while(stage->data_ready != 1) {
            status = pthread_cond_wait(&stage->avail, &stage->mutex);
            if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_cond_wait failed\n");
        }
        pipe_send(next_stage, stage->data + 1); 
        stage->data_ready = 0;
        status = pthread_cond_signal(&stage->ready);
        if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_cond_signal failed\n");
    }
    return (void*)0;
}

/*
 * 创建一个流水线，初始化所有stage_tag，创建线程
 */ 
int pipe_create(pipe_t *pipe, int stages)
{
    int pipe_index;
    int status;
    stage_t **link, *new_stage, *stage;
    link = &pipe->head;

    /*
     * 初始化pipe 
     * pipe为一个单链表
     */
    status = pthread_mutex_init(&pipe->mutex, NULL);
    if (status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_mutex_int failed\n");
    pipe->stages = stages;
    pipe->active = 0;

    for(pipe_index = 0; pipe_index <=stages; pipe_index++){
        new_stage = (stage_t*)malloc(sizeof(stage_t));
        if(new_stage == NULL) errno_abort("malloc failed\n");
        status = pthread_mutex_init(&new_stage->mutex, NULL);
        if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_mutex_init failed\n");
        status = pthread_cond_init(&new_stage->avail, NULL);
        if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_cond_init failed\n");
        status = pthread_cond_init(&new_stage->ready, NULL);
        if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_cond_init failed\n");
        new_stage->data_ready = 0;
        *link = new_stage;
        link = &new_stage->next;
    }
    *link = (stage_t*)NULL;
    pipe->tail = new_stage;

    /* 创建线程*/
    for(stage = pipe->head; stage->next != NULL; stage = stage->next)
    {
        status = pthread_create(&stage->thread, NULL, pipe_stage, (void*)stage);
        if(status != 0) err_abort(status, "pthread_create failed\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

int pipe_start(pipe_t *pipe, long value)
{
    pthread_mutex_lock(&pipe->mutex);
    pipe->active++;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&pipe->mutex);
    pipe_send(pipe->head, value);
    return 0;
}
     
int pipe_result(pipe_t *pipe, long *result)
{
    stage_t *tail = pipe->tail;
    int empty = 0;

    pthread_mutex_lock(&pipe->mutex);
    pipe->active <= 0 ? empty = 1 : pipe->active--; 
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&pipe->mutex);
    if(empty) return 0;
    pthread_mutex_lock(&tail->mutex);
    while(!tail->data_ready)
        pthread_cond_wait(&tail->avail, &tail->mutex);
    *result = tail->data;
    tail->data_ready = 0;
    pthread_cond_signal(&tail->ready);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&tail->mutex);
    return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    pipe_t mypipe;
    long value, result;
    char line[128];

    pipe_create(&mypipe, 10);
    
    while(1) {
        printf("Data>");
        if ( fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin) == NULL) exit(0);
        if (strlen(line) <= 0) continue;
        if (strlen(line) == 2 && line[0] == 'q') {
            printf("results is: ");
            while(pipe_result(&mypipe, &result)){ printf("%ld \n", result);}
            printf("\n");
            exit(0);
        }
        if (strlen(line) == 2 && line[0] == '=') {
            if(pipe_result(&mypipe, &result)) printf("result is %ld\n", result);
            else printf("the pipe is empty\n");
        } else if(strncmp(line, "==", 2) == 0) {
            printf("results is: ");
            while(pipe_result(&mypipe, &result)){ printf("%ld \n", result);}
            printf("\n");
        } else {
            if(sscanf(line, "%ld", &value) < 1) fprintf(stderr, " Enter an integer value\n");
            else pipe_start(&mypipe, value);
        } 
    }
}