python3里遇到的一些坑

1.在使用 pytesseract中的image_to_string是报错如下（Pycharm会报错，IDLE则不会）： Python3.5版本，已经正确安装了Pillow和pytesseract模块，安装方法请百度，使用PyCharm也可以管理，比较简单

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:/Chao/PycharmProjects/net.bjxueche.haijia/CoreImage.py", line 82, in <module>
    text = image_to_string(image=image, boxes=True)
  File "D:\mysoft\Python\Python35\lib\site-packages\pytesseract\pytesseract.py", line 162, in image_to_string
    config=config)
  File "D:\mysoft\Python\Python35\lib\site-packages\pytesseract\pytesseract.py", line 95, in run_tesseract
    stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
  File "D:\mysoft\Python\Python35\lib\subprocess.py", line 950, in __init__
    restore_signals, start_new_session)
  File "D:\mysoft\Python\Python35\lib\subprocess.py", line 1220, in _execute_child
    startupinfo)
FileNotFoundError: [WinError 2] 系统找不到指定的文件。

解决办法：

打开文件 pytesseract.py，找到如下代码，将tesseract_cmd的值修改为全路径，在此使用就不会报错了。

# CHANGE THIS IF TESSERACT IS NOT IN YOUR PATH, OR IS NAMED DIFFERENTLY
#tesseract_cmd = 'tesseract'
tesseract_cmd = 'D:/Program Files (x86)/Tesseract-OCR/tesseract.exe'

PS：我的环境变量中明明有这个值，在CMD中也可以正常使用“tesseract”命令，不知道pytesseract为什么会报错，总之，这样修改后可以正常运行了

Pycharm会报错，IDLE则不会，修改好两个都可以正常使用

2.Python3和Python2里的抓取网页的区别

2.1、最简单

import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/')
html = response.read()

2.2、使用 Request

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

2.3、发送数据

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values = {
'act' : 'login',
'login[email]' : 'yzhang@i9i8.com',
'login[password]' : '123456'
}

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)
req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

2.4、发送数据和header

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values = {
'act' : 'login',
'login[email]' : 'yzhang@i9i8.com',
'login[password]' : '123456'
}
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

2.5、http 错误

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.111cn.net ')
try:
urllib.request.urlopen(req)
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
print(e.code)
print(e.read().decode("utf8"))

2.6、异常处理1

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError
req = Request("http://www.111cn.net /")
try:
response = urlopen(req)
except HTTPError as e:
print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')
print('Error code: ', e.code)
except URLError as e:
print('We failed to reach a server.')
print('Reason: ', e.reason)
else:
print("good!")
print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

2.7、异常处理2

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import  URLError
req = Request("http://www.111cn.net /")
try:
response = urlopen(req)
except URLError as e:
if hasattr(e, 'reason'):
print('We failed to reach a server.')
print('Reason: ', e.reason)
elif hasattr(e, 'code'):
print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')
print('Error code: ', e.code)
else:
print("good!")
print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

2.8、HTTP 认证

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

# create a password manager
password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()

# Add the username and password.
# If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.
top_level_url = "https://www.111cn.net /"
password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, 'rekfan', 'xxxxxx')

handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)

# create "opener" (OpenerDirector instance)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)

# use the opener to fetch a URL
a_url = "https://www.111cn.net /"
x = opener.open(a_url)
print(x.read())

# Install the opener.
# Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen(a_url).read().decode('utf8')
print(a)

2.9 使用代理

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({'sock5': 'localhost:1080'})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.111cn.net ").read().decode("utf8")
print(a)

2.10 超时

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import socket
import urllib.request

# timeout in seconds
timeout = 2
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout
# we have set in the socket module
req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.111cn.net /')
a = urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()
print(a)