numpy入门笔记

导入numpy库，一般设置别名为np

import numpy as np

np.__version__

'1.18.1'

创建ndarray

n dimension array

• n维矩阵

1、使用np.array()由python list创建

li = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
n = np.array(li)
display(li, n)  # li是列表，但是n是array

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]



array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

li1 = [1.0, 2, 3, 4, 5]
li2 = ['1', 2, 3, 4, 5]
n1 = np.array(li1)
n2 = np.array(li2)
display(n1, n2)

array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])



array(['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'], dtype='<U1')

• numpy默认ndarray的所有元素类型相同
• 若 传入的列表包含不同类型的元素，则统一转换为同一类型。
• 转换优先级：string > float > int

2、使用np的routines函数创建

np.ones(shape, dtype=None, order=‘C’)

# 全是1的ndarray
np.ones(shape=(3, 4), dtype=np.float32)  # 3行4列，float32类型

array([[1., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32)

np.zeros(shape, dtype=float, order=‘C’)

# 全是0的ndarray
np.zeros(shape=(5, 6), dtype=np.int16)

array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=int16)

np.full(shape, fill_value, dtype=None, order=‘C’)

# 使用指定的值去填充ndarray
np.full(shape=(3, 4), fill_value=666, dtype=np.float16)

array([[666., 666., 666., 666.],
       [666., 666., 666., 666.],
       [666., 666., 666., 666.]], dtype=float16)

np.eye(N, M=None, k=0, dtype=float)

# 一条对角线全为1，其他位置全为0。只能是二维
np.eye(5, 6, k=0)
# k控制对角线，k为0表示左边第一个数开始画对角线，k增加表示线向上移，k减少表示线向下移

array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
       [0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
       [0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
       [0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.],
       [0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.]])

np.linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, retstep=False, dtype=None)

# line space 把线分成好几份

n1 = np.linspace(0, 100, num=200, endpoint=False)
# 0-100中，包含0不包含100，把它们分成200个元素，最后一个元素不显示

n2 = np.linspace(0, 100, num=200, retstep=True)
# endpoint不写默认为True，retstep表示显示间距，此时返回的是一个元组（array + 间距）

display(n1, n2)

array([ 0. ,  0.5,  1. ,  1.5,  2. ,  2.5,  3. ,  3.5,  4. ,  4.5,  5. ,
        5.5,  6. ,  6.5,  7. ,  7.5,  8. ,  8.5,  9. ,  9.5, 10. , 10.5,
       11. , 11.5, 12. , 12.5, 13. , 13.5, 14. , 14.5, 15. , 15.5, 16. ,
       16.5, 17. , 17.5, 18. , 18.5, 19. , 19.5, 20. , 20.5, 21. , 21.5,
       22. , 22.5, 23. , 23.5, 24. , 24.5, 25. , 25.5, 26. , 26.5, 27. ,
       27.5, 28. , 28.5, 29. , 29.5, 30. , 30.5, 31. , 31.5, 32. , 32.5,
       33. , 33.5, 34. , 34.5, 35. , 35.5, 36. , 36.5, 37. , 37.5, 38. ,
       38.5, 39. , 39.5, 40. , 40.5, 41. , 41.5, 42. , 42.5, 43. , 43.5,
       44. , 44.5, 45. , 45.5, 46. , 46.5, 47. , 47.5, 48. , 48.5, 49. ,
       49.5, 50. , 50.5, 51. , 51.5, 52. , 52.5, 53. , 53.5, 54. , 54.5,
       55. , 55.5, 56. , 56.5, 57. , 57.5, 58. , 58.5, 59. , 59.5, 60. ,
       60.5, 61. , 61.5, 62. , 62.5, 63. , 63.5, 64. , 64.5, 65. , 65.5,
       66. , 66.5, 67. , 67.5, 68. , 68.5, 69. , 69.5, 70. , 70.5, 71. ,
       71.5, 72. , 72.5, 73. , 73.5, 74. , 74.5, 75. , 75.5, 76. , 76.5,
       77. , 77.5, 78. , 78.5, 79. , 79.5, 80. , 80.5, 81. , 81.5, 82. ,
       82.5, 83. , 83.5, 84. , 84.5, 85. , 85.5, 86. , 86.5, 87. , 87.5,
       88. , 88.5, 89. , 89.5, 90. , 90.5, 91. , 91.5, 92. , 92.5, 93. ,
       93.5, 94. , 94.5, 95. , 95.5, 96. , 96.5, 97. , 97.5, 98. , 98.5,
       99. , 99.5])



(array([  0.        ,   0.50251256,   1.00502513,   1.50753769,
          2.01005025,   2.51256281,   3.01507538,   3.51758794,
          4.0201005 ,   4.52261307,   5.02512563,   5.52763819,
          6.03015075,   6.53266332,   7.03517588,   7.53768844,
          8.04020101,   8.54271357,   9.04522613,   9.54773869,
         10.05025126,  10.55276382,  11.05527638,  11.55778894,
         12.06030151,  12.56281407,  13.06532663,  13.5678392 ,
         14.07035176,  14.57286432,  15.07537688,  15.57788945,
         16.08040201,  16.58291457,  17.08542714,  17.5879397 ,
         18.09045226,  18.59296482,  19.09547739,  19.59798995,
         20.10050251,  20.60301508,  21.10552764,  21.6080402 ,
         22.11055276,  22.61306533,  23.11557789,  23.61809045,
         24.12060302,  24.62311558,  25.12562814,  25.6281407 ,
         26.13065327,  26.63316583,  27.13567839,  27.63819095,
         28.14070352,  28.64321608,  29.14572864,  29.64824121,
         30.15075377,  30.65326633,  31.15577889,  31.65829146,
         32.16080402,  32.66331658,  33.16582915,  33.66834171,
         34.17085427,  34.67336683,  35.1758794 ,  35.67839196,
         36.18090452,  36.68341709,  37.18592965,  37.68844221,
         38.19095477,  38.69346734,  39.1959799 ,  39.69849246,
         40.20100503,  40.70351759,  41.20603015,  41.70854271,
         42.21105528,  42.71356784,  43.2160804 ,  43.71859296,
         44.22110553,  44.72361809,  45.22613065,  45.72864322,
         46.23115578,  46.73366834,  47.2361809 ,  47.73869347,
         48.24120603,  48.74371859,  49.24623116,  49.74874372,
         50.25125628,  50.75376884,  51.25628141,  51.75879397,
         52.26130653,  52.7638191 ,  53.26633166,  53.76884422,
         54.27135678,  54.77386935,  55.27638191,  55.77889447,
         56.28140704,  56.7839196 ,  57.28643216,  57.78894472,
         58.29145729,  58.79396985,  59.29648241,  59.79899497,
         60.30150754,  60.8040201 ,  61.30653266,  61.80904523,
         62.31155779,  62.81407035,  63.31658291,  63.81909548,
         64.32160804,  64.8241206 ,  65.32663317,  65.82914573,
         66.33165829,  66.83417085,  67.33668342,  67.83919598,
         68.34170854,  68.84422111,  69.34673367,  69.84924623,
         70.35175879,  70.85427136,  71.35678392,  71.85929648,
         72.36180905,  72.86432161,  73.36683417,  73.86934673,
         74.3718593 ,  74.87437186,  75.37688442,  75.87939698,
         76.38190955,  76.88442211,  77.38693467,  77.88944724,
         78.3919598 ,  78.89447236,  79.39698492,  79.89949749,
         80.40201005,  80.90452261,  81.40703518,  81.90954774,
         82.4120603 ,  82.91457286,  83.41708543,  83.91959799,
         84.42211055,  84.92462312,  85.42713568,  85.92964824,
         86.4321608 ,  86.93467337,  87.43718593,  87.93969849,
         88.44221106,  88.94472362,  89.44723618,  89.94974874,
         90.45226131,  90.95477387,  91.45728643,  91.95979899,
         92.46231156,  92.96482412,  93.46733668,  93.96984925,
         94.47236181,  94.97487437,  95.47738693,  95.9798995 ,
         96.48241206,  96.98492462,  97.48743719,  97.98994975,
         98.49246231,  98.99497487,  99.49748744, 100.        ]),
 0.5025125628140703)

np.arange([start, ] stop, [step, ], dtype=None)

# 跟python中的range类似。左闭右开
np.arange(0, 20, 2)

array([ 0,  2,  4,  6,  8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])

np.random.randint(low, high=None, size=None, dtype=‘l’)

# 产生随机整数ndarray
np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(3, 4, 5))  # 左闭右开

array([[[2, 6, 9, 3, 2],
        [7, 1, 1, 5, 4],
        [0, 9, 9, 6, 7],
        [3, 8, 4, 6, 4]],

       [[3, 1, 9, 0, 3],
        [7, 5, 1, 0, 2],
        [5, 8, 3, 0, 9],
        [0, 2, 9, 2, 1]],

       [[0, 6, 3, 7, 1],
        [6, 7, 8, 8, 7],
        [2, 8, 1, 1, 4],
        [6, 4, 0, 2, 7]]])

正太分布

np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=None)

# loc 平均值
# scale 方差
# 
np.random.normal(loc=10, scale=3, size=(1000, 3))
np.random.normal(loc=10, scale=3, size=(1000, 3)).mean()  # 平均值
np.random.normal(loc=10, scale=3, size=(1000, 3)).std()  # 方差

2.997653779478764

标准正太分布

平均值为0，方差为1的正态分布

np.random.randn(2, 3, 4)

array([[[ 0.81601988, -0.61631338, -0.10628327, -0.41879767],
        [-0.09548007,  0.60270457,  0.10863477, -1.17939855],
        [-0.29920504,  0.01000102,  0.68119849,  0.64499051]],

       [[-0.94043963,  0.65410364, -0.79888361, -0.50524771],
        [ 1.00370329,  0.72906239, -0.96730753,  1.79453576],
        [-0.15018307,  0.83972906, -0.48318382, -0.55468954]]])

np.random.random(size=None)

# 生成0到1的随机数。左闭右开
np.random.random(size=(3, 4, 5))
# np.random.rand(3, 4, 5)  另外一种写法

array([[[0.86916286, 0.92407939, 0.49724678, 0.95962036, 0.21745135],
        [0.97398458, 0.34599573, 0.63771178, 0.17261302, 0.37152828],
        [0.87795621, 0.67606884, 0.62232594, 0.78071815, 0.59318382],
        [0.59448583, 0.70523818, 0.18857654, 0.25635888, 0.75201325]],

       [[0.74665058, 0.09213689, 0.10140568, 0.1770098 , 0.58856297],
        [0.81628145, 0.83075025, 0.29371462, 0.0894518 , 0.92344828],
        [0.64019469, 0.37097845, 0.45570794, 0.12394152, 0.29937541],
        [0.72568189, 0.74235181, 0.57822036, 0.1865216 , 0.57259669]],

       [[0.93678934, 0.96206502, 0.42138011, 0.22805006, 0.77807982],
        [0.8862375 , 0.50320728, 0.31796538, 0.85346515, 0.41508747],
        [0.89888431, 0.53212699, 0.87284355, 0.44499716, 0.56547908],
        [0.25195562, 0.53199532, 0.9355606 , 0.06964199, 0.75108516]]])

ndarray的属性

4个必记参数：

ndim    维度

shape    形状（各维度的长度）

size    总长度

dtype    元素类型

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(3, 4, 5))
n

array([[[83,  4, 30, 21, 60],
        [49, 46, 96, 86, 48],
        [86, 15, 50, 66, 57],
        [41, 44,  0, 82, 73]],

       [[26, 57, 28, 29, 38],
        [54, 63, 58, 12, 64],
        [ 9, 39,  8,  9, 46],
        [89, 78, 66, 45, 24]],

       [[44, 85, 36, 92, 28],
        [20, 36, 35, 90, 81],
        [48, 57, 69, 52, 51],
        [47, 97, 89,  1, 18]]])

n.ndim

3

n.shape

(3, 4, 5)

n.size

60

n.dtype

dtype('int32')

ndarray的基本操作

1、索引

一维 与 列表 完全一致，多维时同理

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(2, 3, 4))
n

array([[[51, 38, 83, 26],
        [67, 52, 62, 38],
        [39, 21, 50, 60]],

       [[ 0, 89, 40, 19],
        [13, 29, 19, 62],
        [ 2, 29, 82, 85]]])

n[1, 2, 0]

2

根据索引修改数据

n[0, 2, 0] = 100

2、切片

一维与列表一致，多维度类似普通列表

n[1:3]

array([[[ 0, 89, 40, 19],
        [13, 29, 19, 62],
        [ 2, 29, 82, 85]]])

n[1:3, 1:3,]

array([[[13, 29, 19, 62],
        [ 2, 29, 82, 85]]])

n[1:3, 1:3, 0:1]

array([[[13],
        [ 2]]])

切片应用：反转ndarray

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(2, 3, 4))
n

array([[[ 1,  1, 31, 90],
        [50, 72, 41, 81],
        [51, 94,  6,  6]],

       [[67, 79, 16, 39],
        [88, 46, 52, 12],
        [ 0, 28, 37, 49]]])

n[::-1]  # 对第一个维度进行反转

array([[[67, 79, 16, 39],
        [88, 46, 52, 12],
        [ 0, 28, 37, 49]],

       [[ 1,  1, 31, 90],
        [50, 72, 41, 81],
        [51, 94,  6,  6]]])

n[::-1, ::-1]  # 对第一、第二维度进行反转，同理，三个维度也可以反转

array([[[ 0, 28, 37, 49],
        [88, 46, 52, 12],
        [67, 79, 16, 39]],

       [[51, 94,  6,  6],
        [50, 72, 41, 81],
        [ 1,  1, 31, 90]]])

反转，可以用来做图片左右、上下、颜色翻转

3、变形

使用reshape函数，注意：参数是一个tuple

reshape要求元素数量一致

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(4, 5))
n

array([[40, 93, 88, 88, 48],
       [95, 22, 99, 12, 28],
       [93,  2, 57, 88, 77],
       [43, 60, 26, 14, 72]])

# 进行变形：将原来的4行5列改成5行4列
n.reshape((5, 4))

array([[40, 93, 88, 88],
       [48, 95, 22, 99],
       [12, 28, 93,  2],
       [57, 88, 77, 43],
       [60, 26, 14, 72]])

n.reshape(5, 4)

array([[40, 93, 88, 88],
       [48, 95, 22, 99],
       [12, 28, 93,  2],
       [57, 88, 77, 43],
       [60, 26, 14, 72]])

np.reshape(n, newshape=(5, 4))  # 不常用

array([[40, 93, 88, 88],
       [48, 95, 22, 99],
       [12, 28, 93,  2],
       [57, 88, 77, 43],
       [60, 26, 14, 72]])

4、级联

• np.concatenate()
• 级联的参数是列表，一定要加中括号或小括号
• 维度 必须相同
• 形状相符
• 级联的方向默认是shape这个tuple的第一个值所代表的维度方向
• 可通过axis参数改变级联的方向

n1 = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(4, 5))
n2 = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(6, 5))
display(n1, n2)

array([[85, 59, 84, 59, 67],
       [95, 37, 68, 13, 12],
       [75,  6,  0, 98, 43],
       [60, 54, 95, 97,  9]])



array([[77,  7, 33, 19, 91],
       [30, 23,  6, 86, 22],
       [92, 49, 75, 49, 12],
       [18, 59, 63, 47, 38],
       [ 8, 52, 53, 80, 85],
       [31, 58, 79, 10, 41]])

# 垂直级联 axis = 0
np.concatenate((n1, n2), axis=0)

array([[85, 59, 84, 59, 67],
       [95, 37, 68, 13, 12],
       [75,  6,  0, 98, 43],
       [60, 54, 95, 97,  9],
       [77,  7, 33, 19, 91],
       [30, 23,  6, 86, 22],
       [92, 49, 75, 49, 12],
       [18, 59, 63, 47, 38],
       [ 8, 52, 53, 80, 85],
       [31, 58, 79, 10, 41]])

n3 = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(4, 5))
n4 = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(4, 6))

# 水平级联  axis=1
np.concatenate((n3, n4), axis=1)

array([[15, 97, 76, 22, 62, 11,  0,  1, 42, 84,  4],
       [27, 70, 63, 22, 71, 74, 65, 53, 56, 70, 83],
       [43, 60,  9,  4, 12, 34,  7, 81, 27, 33, 61],
       [13, 85, 42, 83, 20, 50, 10, 42, 17, 88, 60]])

np.hstack和np.vstack
水平级联和垂直级联，处理自己，进行维度的变更

np.hstack((n3, n4))

array([[15, 97, 76, 22, 62, 11,  0,  1, 42, 84,  4],
       [27, 70, 63, 22, 71, 74, 65, 53, 56, 70, 83],
       [43, 60,  9,  4, 12, 34,  7, 81, 27, 33, 61],
       [13, 85, 42, 83, 20, 50, 10, 42, 17, 88, 60]])

np.vstack((n1, n2))

array([[77, 37,  9, 90, 27],
       [ 5, 84,  4, 19, 64],
       [70, 28, 95, 65, 99],
       [39, 98, 56, 13, 66],
       [82, 68, 28,  9,  1],
       [77,  7,  9, 51, 91],
       [61, 49, 21, 87, 65],
       [46, 34, 34, 36, 53],
       [56, 18, 98, 14, 19],
       [85, 34, 51, 52, 82]])

5、切分

与级联类似，三个函数完成切分工作：

• np.split
• np.hsplit
• np.vsplit

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(6, 6))
n

array([[67, 73, 37, 77, 81, 17],
       [45, 76, 95, 55,  7, 61],
       [60, 62, 81, 83, 86, 61],
       [ 3, 37, 63, 53, 79,  0],
       [86, 62, 84, 68, 80,  1],
       [35, 34, 69, 99, 99,  1]])

np.split(n, [2, 4], axis=0)  # 左闭右开，对行进行切割

[array([[67, 73, 37, 77, 81, 17],
        [45, 76, 95, 55,  7, 61]]),
 array([[60, 62, 81, 83, 86, 61],
        [ 3, 37, 63, 53, 79,  0]]),
 array([[86, 62, 84, 68, 80,  1],
        [35, 34, 69, 99, 99,  1]])]

np.split(n, [2, 4], axis=1)  # 左闭右开，对列进行切割

[array([[67, 73],
        [45, 76],
        [60, 62],
        [ 3, 37],
        [86, 62],
        [35, 34]]),
 array([[37, 77],
        [95, 55],
        [81, 83],
        [63, 53],
        [84, 68],
        [69, 99]]),
 array([[81, 17],
        [ 7, 61],
        [86, 61],
        [79,  0],
        [80,  1],
        [99,  1]])]

a = np.hsplit(n, [2, 4])  # axis=1
b = np.vsplit(n, [2, 4])  # axis=0
display(a, b)

[array([[67, 73],
        [45, 76],
        [60, 62],
        [ 3, 37],
        [86, 62],
        [35, 34]]),
 array([[37, 77],
        [95, 55],
        [81, 83],
        [63, 53],
        [84, 68],
        [69, 99]]),
 array([[81, 17],
        [ 7, 61],
        [86, 61],
        [79,  0],
        [80,  1],
        [99,  1]])]



[array([[67, 73, 37, 77, 81, 17],
        [45, 76, 95, 55,  7, 61]]),
 array([[60, 62, 81, 83, 86, 61],
        [ 3, 37, 63, 53, 79,  0]]),
 array([[86, 62, 84, 68, 80,  1],
        [35, 34, 69, 99, 99,  1]])]

6、副本

所有赋值运算 不会为ndarray的任何元素创建副本，对复制后的对象 的操作 也对原来的对象生效

n
n2 = n

display(id(n))
display(id(n2))

1943841218272



1943841218272

为了避免操作array后改变了原来的数据内容，可以使用copy()函数创建副本

n3 = n.copy()
id(n3)
# 修改n3，n的内容不会被改变

1943841809472

ndarray的聚合操作

1、求和 np.sum

n
# array([[67, 73, 37, 77, 81, 17],
#        [45, 76, 95, 55,  7, 61],
#        [60, 62, 81, 83, 86, 61],
#        [ 3, 37, 63, 53, 79,  0],
#        [86, 62, 84, 68, 80,  1],
#        [35, 34, 69, 99, 99,  1]])
n.sum()  # axis默认为None，表示 所有的维度 都聚合成 0 维

2077

# axis=0  表示 纵向相加。另一种写法：np.sum(n, axis=0)
n.sum(axis=0)

array([296, 344, 429, 435, 432, 141])

# axis=1  表示 横向相加。另一种写法：np.sum(n, axis=1)
n.sum(axis=1)

array([352, 339, 433, 235, 381, 337])

2、最大/最小值：np.max/min

a = n.max()  # 所有元素中的最大值
b = n.max(axis=0)  # 每个纵向的最大值
c = n.max(axis=1)  # 每个横向的最大值

display(a, b, c)

99



array([86, 76, 95, 99, 99, 61])



array([81, 95, 86, 79, 86, 99])

3、其他聚合操作

• np.sum    np.nansum
• np.prod    np.nanprod    笛卡尔积
• np.mean    np.nanmean
• np.std    np.nanstd
• np.var    np.nanvar
• np.min    np.nanmin    最小值的 索引
• np.max    np.nanmax
• np.argmin    np.nanargmin
• np.argmax    np.nanargmax
• np.median    np.nanmedian
• np.percentile    np.nanpercentile
• np.any
• np.all
• np.power  幂运算

np.nan

• 类似一种np中的特殊数据类型
• np.nan参与计算时，得到的结果总是nan
• 所以，如果要忽略np.nan，需要用到np.nanxx()之类的函数

# 其中，np.nan 之类的，表示空数据
temp = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan])
temp.sum()

nan

np.nansum(temp)  # 将np.nan视为0

10.0

ndarray的矩阵操作

1、基本矩阵操作

算术运算符：

• 加减乘除

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(6, 6))
n

array([[10, 11, 66, 41, 49, 45],
       [65, 62, 43, 42, 34, 77],
       [ 6, 98, 17, 25, 76, 30],
       [ 4, 87, 21,  2, 80, 60],
       [21, 48, 29, 79, 29, 60],
       [53, 28, 84, 99, 52,  3]])

n + 1  # 每个元素分别加1

array([[ 11,  12,  67,  42,  50,  46],
       [ 66,  63,  44,  43,  35,  78],
       [  7,  99,  18,  26,  77,  31],
       [  5,  88,  22,   3,  81,  61],
       [ 22,  49,  30,  80,  30,  61],
       [ 54,  29,  85, 100,  53,   4]])

n2 = n
n + n2  # 对应元素分别相加

array([[ 20,  22, 132,  82,  98,  90],
       [130, 124,  86,  84,  68, 154],
       [ 12, 196,  34,  50, 152,  60],
       [  8, 174,  42,   4, 160, 120],
       [ 42,  96,  58, 158,  58, 120],
       [106,  56, 168, 198, 104,   6]])

n1 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(4, 5))
n2 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(5, 4))
n1 + n2
"""不知道该给确实的地方补上哪一行的数据，导致无法相加，报错："""

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-9-9e856722bb03> in <module>
      1 n1 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(4, 5))
      2 n2 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(5, 4))
----> 3 n1 + n2
      4 """不知道该给确实的地方补上哪一行的数据，导致无法相加，报错："""


ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (4,5) (5,4) 

2、广播机制

• 为缺失的维度补1
• 假定缺失元素用 已有值 填充

示例：

m = np.ones((2, 3))

a = np.arange(3)

求m + a

# 当ndarray的shape不一致时，numpy会启动 广播机制，以此让ndarray的shape变成一致
m = np.ones((2, 3))
a = np.arange(3)
display(m, a)

array([[1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1.]])



array([0, 1, 2])

m + a
# 相当于先把a变成和m一致的shape，不足的地方用自身已有的值填充

array([[1., 2., 3.],
       [1., 2., 3.]])

矩阵积 np.dot()

两个矩阵a和b，相乘时对应元素相乘即可。

矩阵的积，矩阵的点乘，要求第一个矩阵的列 和 第二个矩阵的行 必须相同

矩阵的积是有顺序的，不满足乘法交换律

n1 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(4, 5))
n2 = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=(5, 6))
np.dot(n1, n2)

array([[140,  81,  84, 111,  88,  80],
       [203, 133,  96, 154, 130, 114],
       [185, 115, 101, 155, 120, 114],
       [ 85,  67,  34,  56,  57,  44]])

ndarray的排序

排序只对一维数组有意义

1、快速排序

np.sort()和ndarray.sort()。区别：

• np.sort()不改变输入
• ndarray.sort()本地处理，不占用空间，但改变输入

n = np.array([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

sort_n = np.sort(n)
display(n, sort_n)

array([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])



array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

n.sort()  # 改变了n的值
n

array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

2、部分排序

n = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=100)
n

array([88, 66, 48, 58, 33,  5, 14, 39, 22,  8,  4, 59, 88, 24, 45, 89, 51,
       34, 33, 70, 49, 41, 38,  6, 76, 65,  1, 55, 36, 65, 94, 55, 39, 66,
       88, 76, 11, 62, 33, 44,  7, 46, 43, 40, 44, 50, 27, 71, 68, 90, 68,
       84,  9, 81, 37, 27, 77, 17, 92, 84, 83,  3, 86, 51, 81, 80, 39, 67,
       49, 81, 54, 33, 56, 11, 50,  5, 12, 35, 19, 24, 26, 10, 41, 46, 94,
       99, 17, 56, 62, 33, 54, 88, 80, 50, 21, 55, 49,  7, 44, 84])

# 最大的5个。最后5个数字是最大的，但并不是排序好的
np.partition(n, kth=-5)

array([54, 84, 48, 58, 33,  5, 14, 39, 22,  8,  4, 59, 44, 24, 45,  7, 51,
       34, 33, 70, 49, 41, 38,  6, 76, 65,  1, 55, 36, 65, 49, 55, 39, 66,
       55, 76, 11, 62, 33, 44,  7, 46, 43, 40, 44, 50, 27, 71, 68, 66, 68,
       84,  9, 81, 37, 27, 77, 17, 21, 84, 83,  3, 86, 51, 81, 80, 39, 67,
       49, 81, 54, 33, 56, 11, 50,  5, 12, 35, 19, 24, 26, 10, 41, 46, 50,
       80, 17, 56, 62, 33, 88, 88, 89, 88, 88, 90, 94, 94, 92, 99])

# 最小的5个。前面5个数字最小
np.partition(n, kth=5)

array([ 1,  4,  3,  5,  5,  6,  7,  7,  9,  8, 10, 11, 22, 24, 24, 27, 19,
       17, 12, 21, 14, 27, 33, 11, 17, 26, 33, 38, 36, 39, 33, 35, 39, 34,
       39, 37, 33, 33, 40, 41, 41, 43, 44, 46, 84, 50, 44, 71, 68, 66, 68,
       84, 62, 81, 76, 55, 77, 66, 55, 84, 83, 49, 86, 51, 81, 80, 65, 67,
       49, 81, 54, 55, 56, 65, 50, 76, 49, 70, 51, 45, 44, 59, 58, 46, 50,
       80, 48, 56, 62, 54, 88, 88, 99, 94, 92, 88, 94, 89, 88, 90])