本博文源于《语法知识清单》与“王菲语法树”。动词主要表示动作,其次表示状态。动作和状态的发生有一定的时间和表现形式,这就是英语中动词的时态。语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系,分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。本博文先谈时态后谈语态。
时态
现在一般
经常或习惯发生的动作或状态。
常用的时间状语
- They go to the Palace museum once a year.
- They often discuss buiness in the evening.
表示客观真理事实,人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语
- The earth turns the sun.
- Light travels faster than sound.
表十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情
- The train for HaiKou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.
时间状语从句和条件状语从句时,一般现在时代一般将来时
- Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.
- If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.
过去一般
表过去的动作或状态
可能是一次性也可经常发生
- Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.
- When he went into the rooms he saw a stranger talking with his father.
现在进行
be(am is are) + 现在分词
- I am writing a long level.
表即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情
- What are you doing tomorrow?
表频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬,不满或讨厌等感情色彩
- He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.
过去进行
was 或were+现在分词
过去进行时的时间状语
用于宾从或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长,句子中通常不用时间状语
现在完成
have(has)+done
时间状语
- I have never seen such fine pictures before.
- He has just gone to England.
表在过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态
过去将来
- should 或would 动词原形构成
- 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而是应该使用过去一般时
- 表示存粹的将来时用would或should表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动原)
现在完成进行
指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时现在进行时双重特征。
- 结构“have/has + been + 动词的现在分词”
How long have you been waiting here?
语态
主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事)主动语态
主语是动作的承受者(即某事被某人做)叫被动语态
语态的构成
- 构成“助动词be+动词的过去分词”
- 助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化
- 被动语态后的by短语有时可略去
被动语态的用法
不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态省略by短语
- A man was killed in the accident.
众所周知是谁做时用被动语态省略by短语
- Rice is also grown in this place.
强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语
- It was written by LuXun.
主动语态改被动语态的方法
- 将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语
- 将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构
- 将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略).
双宾的被动语态
- 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;
- 把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,间接宾语前要加介词to或for。
例子:
His teacher gave him a disctionary.
–>He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
–>A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.
加to
- 不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定义前要加to。
例子:
The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.
–>The poor man was mad to work 12 hours a day.
带复合宾语的动词
- 一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中做主语补足语。
例子:
I paint the house white.
---->The house is painted white by me.
动词短语作谓语
- 短语动词是不可分割的整体改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏。
例子:
The girl takes good care of her little brother.
The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.