动词是个很综合的东西,在词法、句法方面可考的内容太多,给了毒瘤的出题老师们很大的发挥空间。近日学学英语,即是普通的单选题都错了一堆,突然有了些压力。在此整理一下这方面的知识,以考点为主,但会有一定拓展。
动词(verb)包含动词和动词短语。它的一种分类法为:实意动词(verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)。实意动词就表实际的动作,助动词用来补充说明时态、语态等,也有一定的意义。动词还可分为:静态动词(stative verb)和动态动词(dynamic verb)。大致就是字面意思。动词还分及物(transitive)和不及物(intransitive),区别在于其后是否必加宾语。还有延续性和瞬间动词的说法,一种能用在时间段中,一种不行。动词有多种形式:原型(original form)、现在分词(present participle)、过去式(past tense)、过去分词(past participle)。以be为例子,它的形式分别为be/am/is/are,being,was/were,been。
根据动词在句子中的位置可以将其分为谓语和非谓语动词。对于谓语动词才有时态,但是非谓语动词也具有语态。所以先说语态。
语态(voice)仅有两种,为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态形式为do,没有变形。被动语态形式为be done,即为be+过去分词组成。
时态(tense)在英语中一共有16种。时态由时和态组合而成。介绍一些主要的点。
1.时态具有一致性,及在主句和从句中的时是一样的,不能主句是过去时,从句就变将来时了(过去将来时是可以的)。但在以下场合中,时态必须不一致:1)主句为将来时,条件或时间状语从句为现在时;2)虚拟语态中;3)一般现在时表普遍情况时。
2.一般现在时(simple present tense),谓语形式为do。1)表经常性或习惯性的动作或当前的状态、能力等(不会很快改变的),关键词:表频率的时间状语(every day,always,often,seldom,etc.)。2)用于普遍性的真理或格言,注意此时不需注意其所处复合句(如果是)的其它分句的时态。
3.过去式(past tense),谓语形式为did,表示过去发生的事情,强调动作。注意对于过去将来时,即使过去的将来在现在的将来,也必须使用过去将来时(如今天为周一,The weather forecast said it would rain in 3 days.)。部分动词用过去式表现在,口气更为委婉。
4.将来时(future tense),谓语形式为will do(be going to do),表将来发生的事,不必细说。时间状语一定为in+时间段或一个未来的时间。
5.进行时(progressive/continuous tense),谓语形式为be doing。注意现在进行时对于瞬间动词表示将来,如The train is arriving.=The train will arrive at the station soon.
6.完成时(perfect tense),谓语形式为have done。强调截止这个时间,做的动作对这个截止时间的影响。这个态仅能加时间段(且必须为延续性动词),没有时间段就表做过这个事。关键词有since,for,up to now等。
7.完成进行时(perfect progressive/continuous tense),谓语形式为have been doing。强调从之前开始做,做到截止时间。
虚拟语态(subjunctive mood)是一种特殊的语态,表达假设历史。一般都是以条件状语从句+主句的形式出现,格式类似主将从现。对于虚拟现在的事实的,从句用一般过去时,主句用一般过去将来时,如If I was you, I would never eat that shit.对于虚拟过去的事实的,从句用过去完成时,主句用过去将来完成时,如If I had been you, I would have never fall into that hole.
非谓语动词,有动名词、不定式、不定式作目的状语、分词作伴随状语、分词作后置定语等,是一种笼统的说法,一部分可作为习语(固定搭配)解释,就不赘述。动名词除了在固定搭配中出现(如like doing),一个常见用法为将谓语变为动名词使复合句变简单句。如Playing football is very tiring.或I have been a fan of him since he becoming a singer.
不定式作目的状语很易懂,举个例子就知道了,He's risked life for thousand times just to achieve the dream.
分词作伴随状语,有三种,1)现在分词作伴随状语(主动),2)过去分词作伴随状语(被动),3)完成分词作伴随状语(主动或被动)。举几个例子感性理解:It's great to walk on this street sightseeing the impressive view of the city. Annoyed by children on the train, I couldn't continue sleeping. Having walked for a day, I got so tired that I slept at 7. Having been struck by a ball, I couldn't fall asleep.
分词作后置定语也是用来变简单句的。继续举例子,We were happy to see the man stealing a lady's bag fell over because of a piece of banana skin thrown away.
相信上面这段话是非常乱的,表现出了知识点的零散和不(略)成体系。关键部分在下文,试题训练。
1.We ___(know) each other for ten years. We ___(get) to know each other at a party.
2.In the 1980s, Hughes ___(believe) to be the second oldest person in the world.
3.One of the boys who ___(play) with me at that moment suddenly began to cry.
4.Another building ___(erect) in the city after the earthquake.
5.-You look sad. What's f**king wrong with you? -I ___(think) about my flipping broken leg.
6.Tom quickly asked for an ambulance because he found Jim ___(hurt) himself from Jim's bleeding arm.
7.If you ___(run) since you were 10 in the morning, you would surely keep doing that.
8.I don't think Jack noticed me; he ___(stare) into space.
9.The man said he ___(go) to the market before he returned home.
10.The river ___(reach) the top of the bank and the possibility of a flood was just reported.
11.My lover said something dirty to me, my heart ___(break) now.
12.As a general rule, a teacher ___(be) kind unless the kids are too annoying.
13.The pen I ___(think) I ___(lose) yesterday is on my desk now. And I'm surprised to see that.
1.'for ten years'是时间段,为现在完成时态;at a party为过去的时间,为一般过去时。Ans:have known;got.
2.有过去时间'In the 1980s',为一般过去时,believe及物,后无宾语,故为被动。Ans:was believed.此处表示被公认为。
3.时间点,延续性动词,过去时间,为过去进行时。定语从句修饰先行词,为复数。Ans:were playing.
4.'after the earthquake'当做具体时间,这显然是过去发生的,为一般过去时被动语态。Ans:was erected.
5.延续性动词,显然过去,过去进行时。Ans:was thinking.
6.过去发生,对当时有影响,过去完成时。Ans:had hurt.
7.'since'为完成时,保持状态(常态)进行时,主将从现过去时,为过去完成进行时。Ans:had been running.
8.意会到是Jack刚刚在干的事,为过去进行时。Ans:was staring.
9.'before coming home'理解为截止到回家,为过去完成时。Ans:had been.
10.'report'是结果,突出影响,过去完成时。Ans:had reached.
11.特殊情况,完成时无问题,截止时间不是伤害时,是现在,为现在完成时被动语态。Ans:has been broken.
12.特殊情况,一般现在时。Ans:is.
13.既然如果为过去觉得我就不会惊讶,'yesterday'过去时间,为一般过去时。Ans:think;lost.