shell结构化命令if和case

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shell脚本编程系列

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结构化命令允许改变shell脚本的正常执行流程，最基础的结构化命令是if-then语句。该语句允许你评估命令并根据该命令的结果来执行其他命令。

if command
then 
      commands
else
      commands
fi

#!/bin/bash
testuser=NoSuchUser
if grep $testuser /etc/passwd
then
   echo "The scripts files in the home directory of the $testuser are:."
   ls /home/$testuser/*.sh
   echo
else
   echo "The user $testuser does not exist on this system."
   echo
fi

你也可以扩展if-then语句，加入一组当指定命令失败后由bash shell执行的命令。仅在测试命令返回非0退出状态码时，if-then-else语句才允许执行这些命令。
你还可以使用elif语句将多个if-then-else语句组合起来。elif等同于else if，会在测试命令失败时提供额外的检查。

if command1
then
   commands
elif command2
then 
   more commands
fi   

#!/bin/bash
testuser=NoSuchUser
if grep $testuser /etc/passwd
then
   echo "The user $testuser account exists on this system."
   echo
elif ls -d /home/$testuser/
then
   echo "The user $testuser has a directory,"
   echo "even though $testuser doesn't have an account"
fi
echo "we are outside the if statement"

在多数脚本中，你可能希望测试一种条件而不是命令，比如数值、字符串内容、文件或目录的状态，test命令为你提供了测试所有这些条件的简单方法。如果条件为真，test命令会为if-then语句产生退出状态码0.如果条件为假，test命令则会为if-then语句产生非0的退出状态码。

#!/bin/bash
if test
then
   echo "No expression returns a True"
else
   echo "No expression returns a False"
fi

方括号是与test命令同义的特殊bash命令。你可以在if-then语句中将测试条件放入方括号中来测试数值、字符串和文件条件。

if [ condition ]
then
   command
fi

#!/bin/bash
string1=soccer
string2=zorbfootball
if [ $string1 \> $string2 ]
then
   echo "$string1 is greater than $string2"
else
   echo "$string1 is less than $string2"
fi

#!/bin/bash
# Check if a file is writable
#
item_name=$HOME/sentinel
echo
echo "Checking if you can write to $item_name..."
#
# Check if file exists and is a file.
#
if [ -f $item_name ]
then
     # File does exist. Check if can write to it.
     #
     if [ -w $item_name ]
     then
          echo "Writing current time to $item_name"
          date +%H%M >> $item_name
     #
     else
          echo "Sorry, write access to $item_name is denied."
     fi
#
else
     echo "Sorry, the $item_name does not exist"
     echo "or is not a file."
fi

双括号命令会使用另一批运算符执行高级数学运算。你可以在双方括号中进行字符串模式匹配。

#!/bin/bash
if [[ $BASH_VERSION == 4.* ]]
then
   echo "you are using the Bash Shell version 4 series."
fi

最后，使用case命令可以优雅的代替执行多个if-then-else命令，它会参照一个值列表来检查单个变量的值。

#!/bin/bash
case $USER in
rich | christine)
        echo "Welcome $USER"
        echo "Please enjoy your visit";;
babarba | tim)
        echo "Hi there,$USER"
        echo "We're glad you could join us";;
testing)
        echo "please log out when done with test";;
*)
        echo "Sorry,you are not allowed here"
esac