Real-Time Rendering——9.5 Fresnel Reflectance菲涅耳反射率

In Section 9.1 we discussed light-matter interaction from a high level. In Section 9.3, we covered the basic machinery for expressing these interactions mathematically: the BRDF and the reflectance equation. Now we are ready to start drilling down to specific phenomena, quantifying them so they can be used in shading models. We will start with reflection from a flat surface, first discussed in Section 9.1.3.

在9.1节中，我们从高层次讨论了光与物质的相互作用。在第9.3节中，我们讨论了用数学方法表达这些相互作用的基本机制:BRDF和反射率方程。现在，我们准备开始深入到具体的现象，量化它们，以便它们可以用于着色模型。我们将从平面的反射开始，这在9.1.3节中首先讨论过。

An object’s surface is an interface between the surrounding medium (typically air) and the object’s substance. The interaction of light with a planar interface between two substances follows the Fresnel equations developed by Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) (pronounced freh-nel). The Fresnel equations require a flat interface following the assumptions of geometrical optics. In other words, the surface is assumed to not have any irregularities between 1 light wavelength and 100 wavelengths in size. Irregularities smaller than this range have no effect on the light, and larger irregularities effectively tilt the surface but do not affect its local flatness.

物体的表面是周围介质(通常是空气)和物体物质之间的界面。光与两种物质之间的平面界面的相互作用遵循奥古斯丁-让·菲涅耳(1788-1827)发展的菲涅耳方程。根据几何光学的假设，菲涅耳方程需要一个平坦的界面。换句话说，假设表面在1个光波长和100个波长之间没有任何大小不规则。小于此范围的不规则性对灯光没有影响，较大的不规则性会有效地倾斜曲面，但不会影响其局部平面度。

Light incident on a flat surface splits into a reflected part and a refracted part.The direction of the reflected light (indicated by the vector ri) forms the same angle (θi) with the surface normal n as the incoming direction l. The reflection vector ri can be computed from n and l:

入射到平面上的光分成反射部分和折射部分。反射光的方向(由矢量ri表示)与表面法线n形成与入射方向l相同的角度(θi)。反射矢量ri可由n和l计算得出:

See Figure 9.19. The amount of light reflected (as a fraction of incoming light) is described by the Fresnel reflectance F, which depends on the incoming angle θi. 

参见图9.19。反射的光量(入射光的一部分)由菲涅尔反射系数F描述，它取决于入射角θi。

As discussed in Section 9.1.3, reflection and refraction are affected by the refractive index of the two substances on either side of the plane. We will continue to use the notation from that discussion. The value n1 is the refractive index of the substance “above” the interface, where incident and reflected light propagate, and n2 is the refractive index of the substance “below” the interface, where the refracted light propagates.

正如第9.1.3节所讨论的，反射和折射受平面两侧两种物质的折射率影响。我们将继续使用那次讨论中的符号。值n1是入射光和反射光传播的界面“上方”的物质的折射率，n2是折射光传播的界面“下方”的物质的折射率。

Figure 9.19. Reflection at a planar surface. The light vector l is reflected around the normal n in order to generate ri. First, l is projected onto n, and we get a scaled version of the normal: (n · l)n. We then negate l, and add two times the projected vector to obtain the reflection vector. 

图9.19。平面上的反射。光矢量l在法线n周围被反射，以便产生ri。首先，将l投影到n上，我们得到法线的缩放版本:(n l)n。然后，我们对l求反，将两倍的投影向量相加，得到反射向量。

The Fresnel equations describe the dependence of F on θi, n1, and n2. Rather than present the equations themselves, which are somewhat complex, we will describe their important characteristics.

菲涅耳方程描述了F对θi、n1和n2的依赖关系。我们将描述它们的重要特征，而不是给出有些复杂的方程本身。