printf()函数的底层实现

• printf()的源码如下:需要了解va_list及我的上一篇博客va_start()的基本使用作为这篇文章的基础

static char sprint_buf[1024];

int printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;
	int n;

	va_start(args, fmt);  //以传入的形参为内存基准
	n = vsprintf(sprint_buf, fmt, args);  
	va_end(args);   //args指针置0
	return n;
}

• 有了上篇的知识，我们需要去研究vsprintf()函数。。基本上可以猜测，这个函数的作用是解析了传入的具体参数*fmt的字符，来确认应该把传入的可变参数依次解析。。把需要打印的字符串保存到sprint_buf[1024],然后打印字符串。。
• 看看vsprintf()源码：

int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
{
	int len;
	unsigned long long num;
	int i, base;
	char * str;
	const char *s;

	int flags;		/* flags to number() */

	int field_width;	/* width of output field */
	int precision;		/* min. # of digits for integers; max
				   number of chars for from string */
	int qualifier;		/* 'h', 'l', or 'L' for integer fields */
	                        /* 'z' support added 23/7/1999 S.H.    */
				/* 'z' changed to 'Z' --davidm 1/25/99 */

	
	for (str=buf ; *fmt ; ++fmt) {
		if (*fmt != '%') {
			*str++ = *fmt;
			continue;
		}
	// 之下 为各种不常用的输出格式的解析
		/* process flags */
		flags = 0;
		repeat:
			++fmt;		/* this also skips first '%' */
			switch (*fmt) {
				case '-': flags |= LEFT; goto repeat;
				case '+': flags |= PLUS; goto repeat;
				case ' ': flags |= SPACE; goto repeat;
				case '#': flags |= SPECIAL; goto repeat;
				case '0': flags |= ZEROPAD; goto repeat;
				}
		
		/* get field width */
		field_width = -1;
		if ('0' <= *fmt && *fmt <= '9')
			field_width = skip_atoi(&fmt);
		else if (*fmt == '*') {
			++fmt;
			/* it's the next argument */
			field_width = va_arg(args, int);
			if (field_width < 0) {
				field_width = -field_width;
				flags |= LEFT;
			}
		}

		/* get the precision */
		precision = -1;
		if (*fmt == '.') {
			++fmt;	
			if ('0' <= *fmt && *fmt <= '9')
				precision = skip_atoi(&fmt);
			else if (*fmt == '*') {
				++fmt;
				/* it's the next argument */
				precision = va_arg(args, int);
			}
			if (precision < 0)
				precision = 0;
		}

		/* get the conversion qualifier */
		qualifier = -1;
		if (*fmt == 'h' || *fmt == 'l' || *fmt == 'L' || *fmt =='Z') {
			qualifier = *fmt;
			++fmt;
		}
	// 之上  为各种不常用的输出格式的解析

		/* default base */
		base = 10;

		switch (*fmt) {
		case 'c':
			if (!(flags & LEFT))
				while (--field_width > 0)
					*str++ = ' ';
			*str++ = (unsigned char) va_arg(args, int);
			while (--field_width > 0)
				*str++ = ' ';
			continue;

		case 's':
			s = va_arg(args, char *);
			if (!s)
				s = "<NULL>";

			len = strnlen(s, precision);

			if (!(flags & LEFT))
				while (len < field_width--)
					*str++ = ' ';
			for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
				*str++ = *s++;
			while (len < field_width--)
				*str++ = ' ';
			continue;

		case 'p':
			if (field_width == -1) {
				field_width = 2*sizeof(void *);
				flags |= ZEROPAD;
			}
			str = number(str,
				(unsigned long) va_arg(args, void *), 16,
				field_width, precision, flags);
			continue;


		case 'n':
			if (qualifier == 'l') {
				long * ip = va_arg(args, long *);
				*ip = (str - buf);
			} else if (qualifier == 'Z') {
				size_t * ip = va_arg(args, size_t *);
				*ip = (str - buf);
			} else {
				int * ip = va_arg(args, int *);
				*ip = (str - buf);
			}
			continue;

		case '%':
			*str++ = '%';
			continue;

		/* integer number formats - set up the flags and "break" */
		case 'o':
			base = 8;
			break;

		case 'X':
			flags |= LARGE;
		case 'x':
			base = 16;
			break;

		case 'd':
		case 'i':
			flags |= SIGN;
		case 'u':
			break;

		default:
			*str++ = '%';
			if (*fmt)
				*str++ = *fmt;
			else
				--fmt;
			continue;
		}
		if (qualifier == 'l') {
			num = va_arg(args, unsigned long);
			if (flags & SIGN)
				num = (signed long) num;
		} else if (qualifier == 'Z') {
			num = va_arg(args, size_t);
		} else if (qualifier == 'h') {
			num = (unsigned short) va_arg(args, int);
			if (flags & SIGN)
				num = (signed short) num;
		} else {
			num = va_arg(args, unsigned int);
			if (flags & SIGN)
				num = (signed int) num;
		}
		str = number(str, num, base, field_width, precision, flags); //处理数据，并将要打印的字符串放入str数组。
	}
	*str = '\0';
	return str-buf;//返回字符串长度。
}

总结一下：解析printf前面的字符串参数，来将%d,%s等转化为具体的数值。。并且将要打印的所有的字符串放入sprintf_buf[1024];然后把它输出出来。。