算法必刷系列之栈、队列、哈希

栈

括号匹配

遍历字符串，左括号入栈，右括号出栈判断是否匹配，遍历结束，判断栈是否为空

public boolean isValid(String s) {
    Map<Character,Character> map = new HashMap<Character,Character>();
    Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<Character>();
    map.put('(',')');
    map.put('{','}');
    map.put('[',']');
    for(int i = 0; i<s.length();i++){
        Character c = s.charAt(i);
        if(map.containsKey(c)){
            stack.push(c);
        }else {
            if(stack.isEmpty()){
                return false;
            }
            Character key = stack.pop();
            Character value = map.get(key);
            if(c!=value){
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return stack.isEmpty();
}

最小栈

创建两个栈，一个栈用来正常存储元素，另一个栈存储正常栈元素对应的最小元素

class MinStack {
    private Deque<Integer> xStack;
    private Deque<Integer> minStack;

    public MinStack(){
        xStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        minStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        minStack.push(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    public void push(int val){
        xStack.push(val);
        minStack.push(val<minStack.peek()?val:minStack.peek());
    }

    public void pop(){
        xStack.pop();
        minStack.pop();
    }

    public int top(){
        return xStack.peek();
    }

    public int getMin(){
        return minStack.peek();
    }
}

最大栈

原理和最小栈相同

class MaxStack {
    private Deque<Integer> xStack;
    private Deque<Integer> maxStack;

    public MinStack(){
        xStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        maxStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        maxStack.push(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
    }

    public void push(int val){
        xStack.push(val);
        maxStack.push(val>maxStack.peek()?val:maxStack.peek());
    }

    public void pop(){
        xStack.pop();
        maxStack.pop();
    }

    public int top(){
        return xStack.peek();
    }

    public int getMax(){
        return maxStack.peek();
    }
}

基本计算器

遍历字符串，记录当前数字前的运算符，如果为+或者-，则入栈当前数字或者相反数，如果为*或者/出栈一个元素与当前元素运算，将结果入栈，最后依次出栈进行加法运算，的到最终结果

public int calculate(String s) {
    Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
    int num = 0;
    char pre = '+';
    for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
        char c = s.charAt(i);
        if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
            num = num * 10 + c - '0';
        }
        if (!Character.isDigit(c) && s.charAt(i) != ' ' || i == s.length() - 1) {
            if (pre == '+' || pre == '-') {
                stack.push(pre == '+' ? num : (-1) * num);
            } else {
                int x = stack.pop();
                if (pre == '*') {
                    x *= num;
                } else {
                    x /= num;
                }
                stack.push(x);
            }
            pre = c;
            num = 0;
        }
    }
    int res = 0;
    while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
        res += stack.pop();
    }
    return res;
} 

逆波兰表达式计算

遍历字符数组，如果是数字，入栈，如果是运算符，出栈两个元素进行运算，结果入栈

public int evalRPN(String[] tokens) {
        Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
        for(int i=0;i<tokens.length;i++){

            if(!Character.isDigit(tokens[i].charAt(0))&&tokens[i].length()==1){
                char c = tokens[i].charAt(0);  
                int x = stack.pop();              			    
                int y = stack.pop();
                int res=0;
                if(c=='+'){
                    res = y+x;
                }else if(c=='-'){
                    res = y-x;
                }else if(c=='*'){
                    res = y*x;
                }else if(c=='/'){
                    res = y/x;
                }
                stack.push(res);
            }else{
                stack.push(Integer.parseInt(tokens[i]));
            }
        }
        return stack.pop();
    }

队列

两个栈实现队列

一个栈作为元素入口，称为入口栈，一个栈作为元素出口，称为出口栈，入栈从入口栈压入元素，出栈从出口栈弹出元素，如果出口栈为空，将入口栈元素弹出，压入出口栈

class MyQueue {
    Deque<Integer> inStack;
    Deque<Integer> outStack;
    
    public MyQueue() {
        inStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        outStack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
    }
    
    public void push(int x) {
        inStack.push(x);
    }
    
    public int pop() {
        if(outStack.isEmpty()){
            while(!inStack.isEmpty()){
                int x = inStack.pop();
                outStack.push(x);
            }
        }
        return outStack.pop();
    }
    
    public int peek() {
        if(outStack.isEmpty()){
            while(!inStack.isEmpty()){
                int x = inStack.pop();
                outStack.push(x);
            }
        }
        return outStack.peek();
    }
    
    public boolean empty() {
        return inStack.isEmpty()&&outStack.isEmpty();
    }
}

两个队列实现栈

每次从一个队列进入元素，进入后将另一个队列元素依次出队，进入到一个队列，之后交换两个队列

class MyStack {
    Queue<Integer> queue1;
    Queue<Integer> queue2;

    public MyStack() {
        queue1 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        queue2 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
    }
    
    void push(int x){
        queue2.offer(x);
        while(!queue1.isEmpty()){
            int num = queue1.poll();
            queue2.offer(num);
        }
        Queue<Integer> temp = queue1;
        queue1 = queue2;
        queue2 = temp;
    }
    int pop(){
        return queue1.poll();
    }
    int top(){
        return queue1.peek();
    }
    boolean empty(){
        return queue1.isEmpty();
    }
}

LRU缓存

创建双向链表存储元素，为双向链表加一个头节点，一个尾节点便于插入删除操作，创建一个map存储节点key,和value，实现O(1)时间找到节点。获取元素时，判断map中是否存在，如存在，先删除，然后再头部插入，最后返回。插入或者更新时，判断map中是否存在，存在则为更新，不存在则为插入。插入操作直接插入到头部，更新操作先删除，然后再头部插入。插入后，如果元素个数超出限制，从尾部删除

class LRUCache {
    class DoubleLinkedNode{
        int key;
        int value;
        DoubleLinkedNode pre;
        DoubleLinkedNode next;

        public DoubleLinkedNode(){

        }

        public DoubleLinkedNode(int key, int value){
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
        }
    }
    Map<Integer,DoubleLinkedNode> map;
    DoubleLinkedNode head;
    DoubleLinkedNode tail;
    int size;
    int capacity;
    public LRUCache(int capacity) {
        map = new HashMap<>();
        head = new DoubleLinkedNode();
        tail = new DoubleLinkedNode();
        head.next = tail;
        tail.pre = head;
        size = 0;
        this.capacity = capacity;
    }

    public int get(int key) {
        if(map.containsKey(key)){
            DoubleLinkedNode node = map.get(key);
            remove(node);
            addToHead(node);
            return node.value;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    public void put(int key, int value) {
        if(map.containsKey(key)){
            DoubleLinkedNode node = map.get(key);
            node.value = value;
            remove(node);
            addToHead(node);
        }else{
            DoubleLinkedNode node = new DoubleLinkedNode(key, value);
            map.put(key, node);
            addToHead(node);
            size++;
            if(size>capacity){
                int removeKey = removeFromTail();
                map.remove(removeKey);
                size--;
            }
        }
    }

    public void remove(DoubleLinkedNode node) {
        node.pre.next = node.next;
        node.next.pre = node.pre;
    }

    public void addToHead(DoubleLinkedNode node) {
        node.next = head.next;
        head.next.pre = node;
        node.pre = head;
        head.next = node;
    }

    public int removeFromTail() {
        DoubleLinkedNode pre = tail.pre;
        remove(tail.pre);
        return pre.key;
    }
}

哈希

两数之和

使用HashMap，将双重循环变成一次遍历

public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
    Map<Integer,Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
    for(int i=0;i<nums.length;i++){
        if(map.containsKey(target-nums[i])){
            return new int[]{map.get(target-nums[i]),i};
        }else{
            map.put(nums[i],i);
        }
    }
    return null;
}

三数之和

使用排序加双指针，代替三层循环的高复杂度，同时解决双层循环加哈希无法直接去重的问题

public List<List<Integer>> threeSum(int[] nums) {
    List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
    int n = nums.length;
    Arrays.sort(nums);
    for (int first = 0; first < n; first++) {
        if (first > 0 && nums[first] == nums[first - 1]) {
            continue;
        }
        int third = n - 1;
        int target = -nums[first];
        for (int second = first + 1; second < n; second++) {
            if (second > first + 1 && nums[second] == nums[second - 1]) {
                continue;
            }
            while (second < third && nums[second] + nums[third] > target) {
                third--;
            }
            if (second == third) {
                break;
            }
            if (nums[second] + nums[third] == target) {
                List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
                list.add(nums[first]);
                list.add(nums[second]);
                list.add(nums[third]);
                res.add(list);
            }
        }
    }
    return res;
}