小土堆笔记P4 5 6

P4：python学习中两大法宝

dir() #让我们知道工具箱以及工具箱的分隔区有什么东西
help() #知道工具的使用方法

示例：

import torch
dir(torch)
['AVG', 'AggregationType', 'AliasDb', 'Any', 'AnyType', 'Argument', 'ArgumentSpec', 'AwaitType', 'BFloat16Storage', 'BFloat16Tensor', 'BenchmarkConfig', 'BenchmarkExecutionStats', 'Block', 'BoolStorage', 'BoolTensor', 'BoolType', 'BufferDict', 'ByteStorage', 'ByteTensor', 'CallStack', 'Callable', 'Capsule', 'CharStorage', 'CharTensor', 'ClassType', 'Code', 'CompilationUnit', 'CompleteArgumentSpec', 'ComplexDoubleStorage', 'ComplexFloatStorage', 'ComplexType', 'ConcreteModuleType', 'ConcreteModuleTypeBuilder', 'DeepCopyMemoTable', 'DeserializationStorageContext', 'DeviceObjType', 'Dict', 'DictType', 'DisableTorchFunction', 'DisableTorchFunctionSubclass', 'DispatchKey', 'DispatchKeySet', 'DoubleStorage', 'DoubleTensor', 'EnumType', 'ErrorReport', 'ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard', 'ExecutionPlan', 'FatalError', 'FileCheck', 'FloatStorage', 'FloatTensor', 'FloatType', 'FunctionSchema', 'Future', 'FutureType', 'Generator', 'Gradient', 'Graph', 'GraphExecutorState', 'HalfStorage', 'HalfTensor', 'IODescriptor', 'InferredType', 'IntStorage', 'IntTensor', 'IntType', 'InterfaceType', 'JITException', 'ListType', 'LiteScriptModule', 'LockingLogger', 'LoggerBase', 'LongStorage', 'LongTensor', 'ModuleDict', 'Node', 'NoneType', 'NoopLogger', 'NumberType', 'OperatorInfo', 'Optional', 'OptionalType', 'PRIVATE_OPS', 'ParameterDict', 'PyObjectType', 'PyTorchFileReader', 'PyTorchFileWriter', 'QInt32Storage', 'QInt8Storage', 'QUInt2x4Storage', 'QUInt4x2Storage', 'QUInt8Storage', 'RRefType', 'SUM', 'ScriptClass', 'ScriptClassFunction', 'ScriptDict', 'ScriptDictIterator', 'ScriptDictKeyIterator', 'ScriptFunction', 'ScriptList', 'ScriptListIterator', 'ScriptMethod', 'ScriptModule', 'ScriptModuleSerializer', 'ScriptObject', 'ScriptObjectProperty', 'SerializationStorageContext', 'Set', 'ShortStorage', 'ShortTensor', 'Size', 'StaticModule', 'Storage', 'StorageBase', 'Stream', 'StreamObjType', 'StringType', 'SymBool', 'SymFloat', 'SymInt', 'SymIntType', 'TYPE_CHECKING', 'Tag', 'Tensor', 'TensorType', 'ThroughputBenchmark', 'TracingState', 'TupleType', 'Type', 'TypedStorage', 'USE_GLOBAL_DEPS', 'USE_RTLD_GLOBAL_WITH_LIBTORCH', 'Union', 'UnionType', 'UntypedStorage', 'Use', 'Value', '_C', '_GLOBAL_DEVICE_CONTEXT', '_TorchCompileInductorWrapper', '_VF', '__all__', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__config__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__future__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_adaptive_avg_pool2d', '_adaptive_avg_pool3d', '_add_batch_dim', '_add_relu', '_add_relu_', '_addmm_activation', '_aminmax', '_amp_foreach_non_finite_check_and_unscale_', '_amp_update_scale_', '_assert', '_assert_async', '_assert_tensor_metadata', '_awaits', '_batch_norm_impl_index', '_cast_Byte', '_cast_Char', '_cast_Double', '_cast_Float', '_cast_Half', '_cast_Int', '_cast_Long', '_cast_Short', '_choose_qparams_per_tensor', '_chunk_grad_outputs_efficient_attention', '_classes', '_coalesce', '_compute_linear_combination', '_conj', '_conj_copy', '_conj_physical', '_convert_indices_from_coo_to_csr', '_convert_indices_from_csr_to_coo', '_convolution', '_convolution_mode', '_copy_from', '_copy_from_and_resize', '_ctc_loss', '_cudnn_ctc_loss', '_cudnn_init_dropout_state', '_cudnn_rnn', '_cudnn_rnn_flatten_weight', '_cufft_clear_plan_cache', '_cufft_get_plan_cache_max_size', '_cufft_get_plan_cache_size', '_cufft_set_plan_cache_max_size', '_cummax_helper', '_cummin_helper', '_debug_has_internal_overlap', '_decomp', '_dim_arange', '_dirichlet_grad', '_disable_functionalization', '_dispatch', '_efficientzerotensor', '_embedding_bag', '_embedding_bag_forward_only', '_empty_affine_quantized', '_empty_per_channel_affine_quantized', '_enable_functionalization', '_euclidean_dist', '_fake_quantize_learnable_per_channel_affine', '_fake_quantize_learnable_per_tensor_affine', '_fake_quantize_per_tensor_affine_cachemask_tensor_qparams', '_fft_c2c', '_fft_c2r', '_fft_r2c', '_foobar', '_foreach_abs', '_foreach_abs_', '_foreach_acos', '_foreach_acos_', '_foreach_add', '_foreach_add_', '_foreach_addcdiv', '_foreach_addcdiv_', '_foreach_addcmul', '_foreach_addcmul_', '_foreach_asin', '_foreach_asin_', '_foreach_atan', '_foreach_atan_', '_foreach_ceil', '_foreach_ceil_', '_foreach_clamp_max', '_foreach_clamp_max_', '_foreach_clamp_min', '_foreach_clamp_min_', '_foreach_cos', '_foreach_cos_', '_foreach_cosh', '_foreach_cosh_', '_foreach_div', '_foreach_div_', '_foreach_erf', '_foreach_erf_', '_foreach_erfc', '_foreach_erfc_', '_foreach_exp', '_foreach_exp_', '_foreach_expm1', '_foreach_expm1_', '_foreach_floor', '_foreach_floor_', '_foreach_frac', '_foreach_frac_', '_foreach_lerp', '_foreach_lerp_', '_foreach_lgamma', '_foreach_lgamma_', '_foreach_log', '_foreach_log10', '_foreach_log10_', '_foreach_log1p', '_foreach_log1p_', '_foreach_log2', '_foreach_log2_', '_foreach_log_', '_foreach_maximum', '_foreach_maximum_', '_foreach_minimum', '_foreach_minimum_', '_foreach_mul', '_foreach_mul_', '_foreach_neg', '_foreach_neg_', '_foreach_norm', '_foreach_reciprocal', '_foreach_reciprocal_', '_foreach_round', '_foreach_round_', '_foreach_sigmoid', '_foreach_sigmoid_', '_foreach_sin', '_foreach_sin_', '_foreach_sinh', '_foreach_sinh_', '_foreach_sqrt', '_foreach_sqrt_', '_foreach_sub', '_foreach_sub_', '_foreach_tan', '_foreach_tan_', '_foreach_tanh', '_foreach_tanh_', '_foreach_trunc', '_foreach_trunc_', '_foreach_zero_', '_freeze_functional_tensor', '_from_functional_tensor', '_functorch', '_fused_adam_', '_fused_adamw_', '_fused_dropout', '_fused_moving_avg_obs_fq_helper', '_fused_sdp_choice', '_fw_primal_copy', '_grid_sampler_2d_cpu_fallback', '_guards', '_has_compatible_shallow_copy_type', '_histogramdd_bin_edges', '_histogramdd_from_bin_cts', '_histogramdd_from_bin_tensors', '_import_dotted_name', '_index_put_impl_', '_indices_copy', '_initExtension', '_is_all_true', '_is_any_true', '_is_functional_tensor', '_is_zerotensor', '_jit_internal', '_linalg_check_errors', '_linalg_det', '_linalg_eigh', '_linalg_slogdet', '_linalg_solve_ex', '_linalg_svd', '_linalg_utils', '_load_global_deps', '_lobpcg', '_log_softmax', '_log_softmax_backward_data', '_logcumsumexp', '_lowrank', '_lstm_mps', '_lu_with_info', '_make_dual', '_make_dual_copy', '_make_per_channel_quantized_tensor', '_make_per_tensor_quantized_tensor', '_masked_scale', '_masked_softmax', '_meta_registrations', '_mkldnn', '_mkldnn_reshape', '_mkldnn_transpose', '_mkldnn_transpose_', '_mps_convolution', '_mps_convolution_transpose', '_namedtensor_internals', '_native_batch_norm_legit', '_native_decoder_only_multi_head_attention', '_native_multi_head_attention', '_neg_view', '_neg_view_copy', '_nested_from_padded', '_nested_from_padded_and_nested_example', '_nested_tensor_from_mask', '_nested_tensor_from_mask_left_aligned', '_nested_tensor_from_tensor_list', '_nested_tensor_softmax_with_shape', '_nnpack_available', '_nnpack_spatial_convolution', '_ops', '_pack_padded_sequence', '_pad_packed_sequence', '_pin_memory', '_preload_cuda_deps', '_prelu_kernel', '_prims', '_prims_common', '_refs', '_register_device_module', '_remove_batch_dim', '_reshape_alias_copy', '_reshape_from_tensor', '_resize_output_', '_rowwise_prune', '_sample_dirichlet', '_saturate_weight_to_fp16', '_scaled_dot_product_attention_math', '_scaled_dot_product_efficient_attention', '_scaled_dot_product_flash_attention', '_segment_reduce', '_shape_as_tensor', '_sobol_engine_draw', '_sobol_engine_ff_', '_sobol_engine_initialize_state_', '_sobol_engine_scramble_', '_softmax', '_softmax_backward_data', '_sources', '_sparse_broadcast_to', '_sparse_broadcast_to_copy', '_sparse_coo_tensor_unsafe', '_sparse_csr_prod', '_sparse_csr_sum', '_sparse_log_softmax_backward_data', '_sparse_softmax_backward_data', '_sparse_sparse_matmul', '_sparse_sum', '_stack', '_standard_gamma', '_standard_gamma_grad', '_storage_classes', '_subclasses', '_sync', '_tensor', '_tensor_classes', '_tensor_str', '_test_autograd_multiple_dispatch', '_test_autograd_multiple_dispatch_view', '_test_autograd_multiple_dispatch_view_copy', '_test_check_tensor', '_test_serialization_subcmul', '_to_cpu', '_to_functional_tensor', '_transform_bias_rescale_qkv', '_transformer_decoder_only_layer_fwd', '_transformer_encoder_layer_fwd', '_trilinear', '_triton_multi_head_attention', '_triton_scaled_dot_attention', '_unique', '_unique2', '_unpack_dual', '_use_cudnn_ctc_loss', '_use_cudnn_rnn_flatten_weight', '_utils', '_utils_internal', '_validate_compressed_sparse_indices', '_validate_sparse_bsc_tensor_args', '_validate_sparse_bsr_tensor_args', '_validate_sparse_compressed_tensor_args', '_validate_sparse_coo_tensor_args', '_validate_sparse_csc_tensor_args', '_validate_sparse_csr_tensor_args', '_values_copy', '_vmap_internals', '_warn_typed_storage_removal', '_weight_norm', '_weight_norm_interface', '_weights_only_unpickler', 'abs', 'abs_', 'absolute', 'acos', 'acos_', 'acosh', 'acosh_', 'adaptive_avg_pool1d', 'adaptive_max_pool1d', 'add', 'addbmm', 'addcdiv', 'addcmul', 'addmm', 'addmv', 'addmv_', 'addr', 'adjoint', 'affine_grid_generator', 'alias_copy', 'align_tensors', 'all', 'allclose', 'alpha_dropout', 'alpha_dropout_', 'amax', 'amin', 'aminmax', 'amp', 'angle', 'any', 'ao', 'arange', 'arccos', 'arccos_', 'arccosh', 'arccosh_', 'arcsin', 'arcsin_', 'arcsinh', 'arcsinh_', 'arctan', 'arctan2', 'arctan_', 'arctanh', 'arctanh_', 'are_deterministic_algorithms_enabled', 'argmax', 'argmin', 'argsort', 'argwhere', 'as_strided', 'as_strided_', 'as_strided_copy', 'as_strided_scatter', 'as_tensor', 'asarray', 'asin', 'asin_', 'asinh', 'asinh_', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atan_', 'atanh', 'atanh_', 'atleast_1d', 'atleast_2d', 'atleast_3d', 'attr', 'autocast', 'autocast_decrement_nesting', 'autocast_increment_nesting', 'autograd', 'avg_pool1d', 'backends', 'baddbmm', 'bartlett_window', 'base_py_dll_path', 'batch_norm', 'batch_norm_backward_elemt', 'batch_norm_backward_reduce', 'batch_norm_elemt', 'batch_norm_gather_stats', 'batch_norm_gather_stats_with_counts', 'batch_norm_stats', 'batch_norm_update_stats', 'bernoulli', 'bfloat16', 'bilinear', 'binary_cross_entropy_with_logits', 'bincount', 'binomial', 'bitwise_and', 'bitwise_left_shift', 'bitwise_not', 'bitwise_or', 'bitwise_right_shift', 'bitwise_xor', 'blackman_window', 'block_diag', 'bmm', 'bool', 'broadcast_shapes', 'broadcast_tensors', 'broadcast_to', 'bucketize', 'builtins', 'can_cast', 'candidate', 'cartesian_prod', 'cat', 'ccol_indices_copy', 'cdist', 'cdouble', 'ceil', 'ceil_', 'celu', 'celu_', 'cfloat', 'chain_matmul', 'chalf', 'channel_shuffle', 'channels_last', 'channels_last_3d', 'cholesky', 'cholesky_inverse', 'cholesky_solve', 'choose_qparams_optimized', 'chunk', 'clamp', 'clamp_', 'clamp_max', 'clamp_max_', 'clamp_min', 'clamp_min_', 'classes', 'classproperty', 'clear_autocast_cache', 'clip', 'clip_', 'clone', 'col_indices_copy', 'column_stack', 'combinations', 'compile', 'compiled_with_cxx11_abi', 'complex', 'complex128', 'complex32', 'complex64', 'concat', 'concatenate', 'conj', 'conj_physical', 'conj_physical_', 'constant_pad_nd', 'contiguous_format', 'conv1d', 'conv2d', 'conv3d', 'conv_tbc', 'conv_transpose1d', 'conv_transpose2d', 'conv_transpose3d', 'convolution', 'copysign', 'corrcoef', 'cos', 'cos_', 'cosh', 'cosh_', 'cosine_embedding_loss', 'cosine_similarity', 'count_nonzero', 'cov', 'cpp', 'cpu', 'cross', 'crow_indices_copy', 'ctc_loss', 'ctypes', 'cuda', 'cuda_path', 'cuda_version', 'cudnn_affine_grid_generator', 'cudnn_batch_norm', 'cudnn_convolution', 'cudnn_convolution_add_relu', 'cudnn_convolution_relu', 'cudnn_convolution_transpose', 'cudnn_grid_sampler', 'cudnn_is_acceptable', 'cummax', 'cummin', 'cumprod', 'cumsum', 'cumulative_trapezoid', 'default_generator', 'deg2rad', 'deg2rad_', 'dequantize', 'det', 'detach', 'detach_', 'detach_copy', 'device', 'diag', 'diag_embed', 'diagflat', 'diagonal', 'diagonal_copy', 'diagonal_scatter', 'diff', 'digamma', 'dist', 'distributed', 'distributions', 'div', 'divide', 'dll', 'dll_path', 'dll_paths', 'dlls', 'dot', 'double', 'dropout', 'dropout_', 'dsmm', 'dsplit', 'dstack', 'dtype', 'e', 'eig', 'einsum', 'embedding', 'embedding_bag', 'embedding_renorm_', 'empty', 'empty_like', 'empty_quantized', 'empty_strided', 'enable_grad', 'eq', 'equal', 'erf', 'erf_', 'erfc', 'erfc_', 'erfinv', 'exp', 'exp2', 'exp2_', 'exp_', 'expand_copy', 'expm1', 'expm1_', 'eye', 'fake_quantize_per_channel_affine', 'fake_quantize_per_tensor_affine', 'fbgemm_linear_fp16_weight', 'fbgemm_linear_fp16_weight_fp32_activation', 'fbgemm_linear_int8_weight', 'fbgemm_linear_int8_weight_fp32_activation', 'fbgemm_linear_quantize_weight', 'fbgemm_pack_gemm_matrix_fp16', 'fbgemm_pack_quantized_matrix', 'feature_alpha_dropout', 'feature_alpha_dropout_', 'feature_dropout', 'feature_dropout_', 'fft', 'fill', 'fill_', 'finfo', 'fix', 'fix_', 'flatten', 'flip', 'fliplr', 'flipud', 'float', 'float16', 'float32', 'float64', 'float_power', 'floor', 'floor_', 'floor_divide', 'fmax', 'fmin', 'fmod', 'fork', 'frac', 'frac_', 'frexp', 'frobenius_norm', 'from_dlpack', 'from_file', 'from_numpy', 'frombuffer', 'full', 'full_like', 'func', 'functional', 'fused_moving_avg_obs_fake_quant', 'futures', 'fx', 'gather', 'gcd', 'gcd_', 'ge', 'geqrf', 'ger', 'get_autocast_cpu_dtype', 'get_autocast_gpu_dtype', 'get_default_dtype', 'get_deterministic_debug_mode', 'get_device', 'get_file_path', 'get_float32_matmul_precision', 'get_num_interop_threads', 'get_num_threads', 'get_rng_state', 'glob', 'gradient', 'greater', 'greater_equal', 'grid_sampler', 'grid_sampler_2d', 'grid_sampler_3d', 'group_norm', 'gru', 'gru_cell', 'gt', 'half', 'hamming_window', 'hann_window', 'hardshrink', 'has_cuda', 'has_cudnn', 'has_lapack', 'has_mkl', 'has_mkldnn', 'has_mps', 'has_openmp', 'has_spectral', 'heaviside', 'hinge_embedding_loss', 'histc', 'histogram', 'histogramdd', 'hsmm', 'hsplit', 'hspmm', 'hstack', 'hub', 'hypot', 'i0', 'i0_', 'igamma', 'igammac', 'iinfo', 'imag', 'import_ir_module', 'import_ir_module_from_buffer', 'index_add', 'index_copy', 'index_fill', 'index_put', 'index_put_', 'index_reduce', 'index_select', 'indices_copy', 'inf', 'inference_mode', 'init_num_threads', 'initial_seed', 'inner', 'inspect', 'instance_norm', 'int', 'int16', 'int32', 'int64', 'int8', 'int_repr', 'inverse', 'is_anomaly_check_nan_enabled', 'is_anomaly_enabled', 'is_autocast_cache_enabled', 'is_autocast_cpu_enabled', 'is_autocast_enabled', 'is_complex', 'is_conj', 'is_deterministic_algorithms_warn_only_enabled', 'is_distributed', 'is_floating_point', 'is_grad_enabled', 'is_inference', 'is_inference_mode_enabled', 'is_loaded', 'is_neg', 'is_nonzero', 'is_same_size', 'is_signed', 'is_storage', 'is_tensor', 'is_vulkan_available', 'is_warn_always_enabled', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isin', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isneginf', 'isposinf', 'isreal', 'istft', 'jit', 'kaiser_window', 'kernel32', 'kl_div', 'kron', 'kthvalue', 'last_error', 'layer_norm', 'layout', 'lcm', 'lcm_', 'ldexp', 'ldexp_', 'le', 'legacy_contiguous_format', 'lerp', 'less', 'less_equal', 'lgamma', 'library', 'linalg', 'linspace', 'load', 'lobpcg', 'log', 'log10', 'log10_', 'log1p', 'log1p_', 'log2', 'log2_', 'log_', 'log_softmax', 'logaddexp', 'logaddexp2', 'logcumsumexp', 'logdet', 'logical_and', 'logical_not', 'logical_or', 'logical_xor', 'logit', 'logit_', 'logspace', 'logsumexp', 'long', 'lstm', 'lstm_cell', 'lstsq', 'lt', 'lu', 'lu_solve', 'lu_unpack', 'manual_seed', 'margin_ranking_loss', 'masked', 'masked_fill', 'masked_scatter', 'masked_select', 'math', 'matmul', 'matrix_exp', 'matrix_power', 'matrix_rank', 'max', 'max_pool1d', 'max_pool1d_with_indices', 'max_pool2d', 'max_pool3d', 'maximum', 'mean', 'median', 'memory_format', 'merge_type_from_type_comment', 'meshgrid', 'min', 'minimum', 'miopen_batch_norm', 'miopen_convolution', 'miopen_convolution_add_relu', 'miopen_convolution_relu', 'miopen_convolution_transpose', 'miopen_depthwise_convolution', 'miopen_rnn', 'mkldnn_adaptive_avg_pool2d', 'mkldnn_convolution', 'mkldnn_linear_backward_weights', 'mkldnn_max_pool2d', 'mkldnn_max_pool3d', 'mkldnn_rnn_layer', 'mm', 'mode', 'moveaxis', 'movedim', 'msort', 'mul', 'multinomial', 'multiply', 'multiprocessing', 'mv', 'mvlgamma', 'name', 'nan', 'nan_to_num', 'nan_to_num_', 'nanmean', 'nanmedian', 'nanquantile', 'nansum', 'narrow', 'narrow_copy', 'native_batch_norm', 'native_channel_shuffle', 'native_dropout', 'native_group_norm', 'native_layer_norm', 'native_norm', 'ne', 'neg', 'neg_', 'negative', 'negative_', 'nested', 'nextafter', 'nn', 'no_grad', 'nonzero', 'norm', 'norm_except_dim', 'normal', 'not_equal', 'nuclear_norm', 'numel', 'nvtoolsext_dll_path', 'obj', 'ones', 'ones_like', 'onnx', 'ops', 'optim', 'orgqr', 'ormqr', 'os', 'outer', 'overrides', 'package', 'pairwise_distance', 'parse_ir', 'parse_schema', 'parse_type_comment', 'path_patched', 'pca_lowrank', 'pdist', 'per_channel_affine', 'per_channel_affine_float_qparams', 'per_channel_symmetric', 'per_tensor_affine', 'per_tensor_symmetric', 'permute', 'permute_copy', 'pfiles_path', 'pi', 'pinverse', 'pixel_shuffle', 'pixel_unshuffle', 'platform', 'poisson', 'poisson_nll_loss', 'polar', 'polygamma', 'positive', 'pow', 'prelu', 'prepare_multiprocessing_environment', 'preserve_format', 'prev_error_mode', 'prod', 'profiler', 'promote_types', 'put', 'py_dll_path', 'py_float', 'py_int', 'q_per_channel_axis', 'q_per_channel_scales', 'q_per_channel_zero_points', 'q_scale', 'q_zero_point', 'qint32', 'qint8', 'qr', 'qscheme', 'quantile', 'quantization', 'quantize_per_channel', 'quantize_per_tensor', 'quantize_per_tensor_dynamic', 'quantized_batch_norm', 'quantized_gru', 'quantized_gru_cell', 'quantized_lstm', 'quantized_lstm_cell', 'quantized_max_pool1d', 'quantized_max_pool2d', 'quantized_rnn_relu_cell', 'quantized_rnn_tanh_cell', 'quasirandom', 'quint2x4', 'quint4x2', 'quint8', 'rad2deg', 'rad2deg_', 'rand', 'rand_like', 'randint', 'randint_like', 'randn', 'randn_like', 'random', 'randperm', 'range', 'ravel', 'read_vitals', 'real', 'reciprocal', 'reciprocal_', 'relu', 'relu_', 'remainder', 'renorm', 'repeat_interleave', 'res', 'reshape', 'resize_as_', 'resize_as_sparse_', 'resolve_conj', 'resolve_neg', 'result_type', 'return_types', 'rnn_relu', 'rnn_relu_cell', 'rnn_tanh', 'rnn_tanh_cell', 'roll', 'rot90', 'round', 'round_', 'row_indices_copy', 'row_stack', 'rrelu', 'rrelu_', 'rsqrt', 'rsqrt_', 'rsub', 'saddmm', 'save', 'scalar_tensor', 'scatter', 'scatter_add', 'scatter_reduce', 'searchsorted', 'seed', 'segment_reduce', 'select', 'select_copy', 'select_scatter', 'selu', 'selu_', 'serialization', 'set_anomaly_enabled', 'set_autocast_cache_enabled', 'set_autocast_cpu_dtype', 'set_autocast_cpu_enabled', 'set_autocast_enabled', 'set_autocast_gpu_dtype', 'set_default_device', 'set_default_dtype', 'set_default_tensor_type', 'set_deterministic_debug_mode', 'set_float32_matmul_precision', 'set_flush_denormal', 'set_grad_enabled', 'set_num_interop_threads', 'set_num_threads', 'set_printoptions', 'set_rng_state', 'set_vital', 'set_warn_always', 'sgn', 'short', 'sigmoid', 'sigmoid_', 'sign', 'signal', 'signbit', 'sin', 'sin_', 'sinc', 'sinc_', 'sinh', 'sinh_', 'slice_copy', 'slice_scatter', 'slogdet', 'smm', 'softmax', 'solve', 'sort', 'sparse', 'sparse_bsc', 'sparse_bsc_tensor', 'sparse_bsr', 'sparse_bsr_tensor', 'sparse_compressed_tensor', 'sparse_coo', 'sparse_coo_tensor', 'sparse_csc', 'sparse_csc_tensor', 'sparse_csr', 'sparse_csr_tensor', 'special', 'split', 'split_copy', 'split_with_sizes', 'split_with_sizes_copy', 'spmm', 'sqrt', 'sqrt_', 'square', 'square_', 'squeeze', 'squeeze_copy', 'sspaddmm', 'stack', 'std', 'std_mean', 'stft', 'storage', 'strided', 'sub', 'subtract', 'sum', 'svd', 'svd_lowrank', 'swapaxes', 'swapdims', 'sym_float', 'sym_int', 'sym_max', 'sym_min', 'sym_not', 'symeig', 'sys', 't', 't_copy', 'take', 'take_along_dim', 'tan', 'tan_', 'tanh', 'tanh_', 'tensor', 'tensor_split', 'tensordot', 'testing', 'textwrap', 'th_dll_path', 'threshold', 'threshold_', 'tile', 'to_dlpack', 'topk', 'torch', 'torch_version', 'trace', 'transpose', 'transpose_copy', 'trapezoid', 'trapz', 'triangular_solve', 'tril', 'tril_indices', 'triplet_margin_loss', 'triu', 'triu_indices', 'true_divide', 'trunc', 'trunc_', 'typename', 'types', 'uint8', 'unbind', 'unbind_copy', 'unflatten', 'unfold_copy', 'unify_type_list', 'unique', 'unique_consecutive', 'unsafe_chunk', 'unsafe_split', 'unsafe_split_with_sizes', 'unsqueeze', 'unsqueeze_copy', 'use_deterministic_algorithms', 'utils', 'values_copy', 'vander', 'var', 'var_mean', 'vdot', 'version', 'view_as_complex', 'view_as_complex_copy', 'view_as_real', 'view_as_real_copy', 'view_copy', 'vitals_enabled', 'vmap', 'vsplit', 'vstack', 'wait', 'where', 'windows', 'with_load_library_flags', 'xlogy', 'xlogy_', 'zero_', 'zeros', 'zeros_like']
dir(torch.cuda)
['Any', 'BFloat16Storage', 'BFloat16Tensor', 'BoolStorage', 'BoolTensor', 'ByteStorage', 'ByteTensor', 'CUDAGraph', 'CUDAPluggableAllocator', 'CharStorage', 'CharTensor', 'ComplexDoubleStorage', 'ComplexFloatStorage', 'CudaError', 'DeferredCudaCallError', 'Device', 'DoubleStorage', 'DoubleTensor', 'Event', 'ExternalStream', 'FloatStorage', 'FloatTensor', 'HalfStorage', 'HalfTensor', 'IntStorage', 'IntTensor', 'List', 'LongStorage', 'LongTensor', 'Optional', 'OutOfMemoryError', 'ShortStorage', 'ShortTensor', 'Stream', 'StreamContext', 'Tuple', 'Union', '_CudaBase', '_CudaDeviceProperties', '_DeviceGuard', '_LazySeedTracker', '__all__', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '_check_capability', '_check_cubins', '_cudart', '_device', '_device_count_nvml', '_device_t', '_dummy_type', '_exchange_device', '_get_device_index', '_initialization_lock', '_initialized', '_is_compiled', '_is_in_bad_fork', '_lazy_call', '_lazy_init', '_lazy_new', '_lazy_seed_tracker', '_memory_viz', '_nvml_based_avail', '_parse_visible_devices', '_queued_calls', '_raw_device_count_nvml', '_raw_device_uuid_nvml', '_sleep', '_tls', '_transform_uuid_to_ordinals', '_utils', '_warn_typed_storage_removal', 'amp', 'caching_allocator_alloc', 'caching_allocator_delete', 'can_device_access_peer', 'cast', 'change_current_allocator', 'check_error', 'classproperty', 'contextlib', 'cudaStatus', 'cudart', 'current_blas_handle', 'current_device', 'current_stream', 'default_generators', 'default_stream', 'device', 'device_count', 'device_of', 'empty_cache', 'get_allocator_backend', 'get_arch_list', 'get_device_capability', 'get_device_name', 'get_device_properties', 'get_gencode_flags', 'get_rng_state', 'get_rng_state_all', 'get_sync_debug_mode', 'graph', 'graph_pool_handle', 'graphs', 'has_half', 'has_magma', 'init', 'initial_seed', 'ipc_collect', 'is_available', 'is_bf16_supported', 'is_current_stream_capturing', 'is_initialized', 'jiterator', 'list_gpu_processes', 'lru_cache', 'make_graphed_callables', 'manual_seed', 'manual_seed_all', 'max_memory_allocated', 'max_memory_cached', 'max_memory_reserved', 'mem_get_info', 'memory', 'memory_allocated', 'memory_cached', 'memory_reserved', 'memory_snapshot', 'memory_stats', 'memory_stats_as_nested_dict', 'memory_summary', 'memory_usage', 'nccl', 'nvtx', 'os', 'profiler', 'random', 'reset_accumulated_memory_stats', 'reset_max_memory_allocated', 'reset_max_memory_cached', 'reset_peak_memory_stats', 'seed', 'seed_all', 'set_device', 'set_per_process_memory_fraction', 'set_rng_state', 'set_rng_state_all', 'set_stream', 'set_sync_debug_mode', 'sparse', 'stream', 'streams', 'synchronize', 'threading', 'torch', 'traceback', 'utilization', 'warnings']
dir(torch.cuda.is_available())
['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__index__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'as_integer_ratio', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes']
help(torch.cuda.is_available)
Help on function is_available in module torch.cuda:
is_available() -> bool
    Returns a bool indicating if CUDA is currently available.

注：

①输入dir(torch.cuda.is_available())时，其输出结果与之上相比，前后多了__,打开该工具箱后，里面是函数。

②help查看torch.cuda.is_available()函数的用法时，要去掉函数后面的括号

P5 加载数据集初认识

TIPS:

①pycharm可以通过Python Console（控制台）要进行调试 

②对于数据集中的图片，在pycharm中：

 复制图片文件夹/图片路径的快捷键：

ctrl+shift+c：复制图片路径

P6 Dataset实战

DEMO：

# read_data.py

from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from PIL import Image
import os

class Mydata(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, root_dir, label_dir ):  # self可以理解为一个全局变量⭐
        self.root_dir = root_dir
        self.label_dir = label_dir
        self.path = os.path.join(root_dir, label_dir)  # os.path.join():将两个路径进行拼接
        self.img_path = os.listdir(self.path)  # os.listdir()：得到路径下所有pic的命名,列表格式

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        img_name = self.img_path[idx]  # 取出self.img_path中的idx号元素
        img_item_path = os.path.join(self.root_dir, self.label_dir, img_name)  # 第idx号元素路径
        img = Image.open(img_item_path)
        label = self.label_dir
        return img, label

    def __len__(self):     # 得到数据集的个数
        return len(self.img_path)

root_dir = "F:\Pycharm project\TuDui_pytorch\dataset/train"
ants_label_dir = "ants"
ants_dataset = Mydata(root_dir, ants_label_dir)
bees_label_dir = "bees"
bees_dataset = Mydata(root_dir, bees_label_dir)

train_dataset = ants_dataset + bees_dataset   # ⭐将蚂蚁数据集和蜜蜂数据集进行拼接

使用控制台来理解本段代码：

 DEMO2：

# rename_dataset.py
'''
土堆pytorch P6
2023/4/11
使用前，需蒋train下的两个文件夹 ants、bees重命名为ants_image、bees_image(如demo所示)
并创建空文件夹，ants_label 、bees_label
运行demo即可得到以ants_image、bees_image命名、存有图片标签的txt文件，存储于ants_label 、bees_label 中
'''
import os

# root_dir = '练手数据集/train'
root_dir = 'F:\Pycharm project\TuDui_pytorch\dataset/train'
target_dir = 'ants_image'
img_path = os.listdir(os.path.join(root_dir, target_dir))
label = target_dir.split('_')[0]
out_dir = 'ants_label'
for i in img_path:
    file_name = i.split('.jpg')[0]
    with open(os.path.join(root_dir, out_dir,"{}.txt".format(file_name)), 'w') as f:
        f.write(label)