文章目录
功能机制
功能：Linux开发板按下按键应用层程序将会调用产生的信号并执行相对应的函数
知识点：内核，用户的信号量，进程，文件io，platform_driver，环形缓冲区，中断，等待队列，poll机制，设备树
工作流程
- 通过更改设备树来改变相对应的io引脚的作用，如更改按键所对应的引脚功能为输出功能，默认低电平，并把新的设备树文件拷进Linux开发板的boot目录下替换旧的设备树
- 开始编写驱动程序
- 在驱动入口函数注册平台设备（platform_driver）
- 平台设备匹配成功调用probe函数,在该函数里面获得引脚的各种信息，注册驱动设备文件并调用按键的中断函数
- 如果按键中断发生了将会调用自己定义的中断函数，在里面函数等待队列，并开始发信号
- 当该模块进行写在时将会调用remove函数，在里面注销掉各种申请的东西
- app开始编写程序
- 定义一个信号，当内核发送信号时将会调用该信号的信号函数
具体分析
设备树如何编写
每个厂家的板子设备树的编写都不太相同，不过又有异曲同工之妙，以imx6ull为例，有一个图形化的设备树配置工具。
确定引脚
每个板子都有自己的原理图，这时按键的引脚图
修改设备树
修改设备树arch/arm/boot/dts/100ask_imx6ull-14x14.dts，增加或者替换如下信息。
gpio_keys_100ask {
compatible = "100ask,gpio_key";
gpios = <&gpio5 1 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH
&gpio4 14 GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW>;
pinctrl-names = "default";
pinctrl-0 = <&key1_100ask &key2_100ask>;
};
&iomuxc {
pinctrl-names = "default";
pinctrl-0 = <&pinctrl_hog_1>;
imx6ul-evk {
key2_100ask: key2_100ask{ /*!< Function assigned for the core: Cortex-A7[ca7] */
fsl,pins = <
MX6UL_PAD_NAND_CE1_B__GPIO4_IO14 0x000010B0
>;
};
&iomuxc_snvs {
pinctrl-names = "default_snvs";
pinctrl-0 = <&pinctrl_hog_2>;
imx6ul-evk {
key1_100ask: key1_100ask{ /*!< Function assigned for the core: Cortex-A7[ca7] */
fsl,pins = <
MX6ULL_PAD_SNVS_TAMPER1__GPIO5_IO01 0x000110A0
>;
};
在内核目录下使用命令make dtbs，编译设备树，把100ask_imx6ull-14x14.dtb放到板子的/boot目录，重启开发板
驱动程序的编写
确定入口，出口函数
//入口函数
static int __init gpio_key_init(void)
{
int err;
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
err = platform_driver_register(&gpio_keys_driver);
return err;
}
/* 3. 有入口函数就应该有出口函数：卸载驱动程序时，就会去调用这个出口函数
* 卸载platform_driver
*/
//出口函数
static void __exit gpio_key_exit(void)
{
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
platform_driver_unregister(&gpio_keys_driver);
}
这两个函数的作用是内核装载的时候调用入口，内核写在的时候调用出口函数，在里面分别注册和卸载了平台驱动
/* 1. 定义platform_driver */
static struct platform_driver gpio_keys_driver = {
.probe = gpio_key_probe,
.remove = gpio_key_remove,
.driver = {
.name = "100ask_gpio_key",
.of_match_table = ask100_keys,
},
};
对这个结构体进行注册
static const struct of_device_id ask100_keys[] = {
{ .compatible = "100ask,gpio_key" },
{ },
};
通过of_match_table 和设备树的compatible 进行匹配
probe里面做得事
当设备总线匹配成功后将会调用probe这个函数，在这个函数主要做了如下事情：
获得有多少个gpio，申请内存，获得中断号，引脚状态，并产生中断，最后创建设备号和设备结点
/* 1. 从platform_device获得GPIO
* 2. gpio=>irq
* 3. request_irq
*/
static int gpio_key_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
int err;
struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
int count;
int i;
enum of_gpio_flags flag;
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
count = of_gpio_count(node);
if (!count)
{
printk("%s %s line %d, there isn't any gpio available\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return -1;
}
gpio_keys_100ask = kzalloc(sizeof(struct gpio_key) * count, GFP_KERNEL);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio = of_get_gpio_flags(node, i, &flag);
if (gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio < 0)
{
printk("%s %s line %d, of_get_gpio_flags fail\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return -1;
}
gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpiod = gpio_to_desc(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);
gpio_keys_100ask[i].flag = flag & OF_GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW;
gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq = gpio_to_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);
}
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
err = request_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, gpio_key_isr, IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
}
/* 注册file_operations */
major = register_chrdev(0, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_key_drv); /* /dev/gpio_key */
gpio_key_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "100ask_gpio_key_class");
if (IS_ERR(gpio_key_class)) {
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");
return PTR_ERR(gpio_key_class);
}
device_create(gpio_key_class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "100ask_gpio_key"); /* /dev/100ask_gpio_key */
return 0;
}
注册filefile_operations 并返回设备号 major = register_chrdev(0, “100ask_gpio_key”, &gpio_key_drv)
这个结构体负责和应用层的函数进行相关联
/* 定义自己的file_operations结构体 */
static struct file_operations gpio_key_drv = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = gpio_key_drv_read,
.poll = gpio_key_drv_poll,
.fasync = gpio_key_drv_fasync,
};
中断函数里面做什么
当调用err = request_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, gpio_key_isr, IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, “100ask_gpio_key”, &gpio_keys_100ask[i])时会触发以下事件
static irqreturn_t gpio_key_isr(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct gpio_key *gpio_key = dev_id;
int val;
int key;
val = gpiod_get_value(gpio_key->gpiod);
printk("key %d %d\n", gpio_key->gpio, val);
key = (gpio_key->gpio << 8) | val;
put_key(key);
wake_up_interruptible(&gpio_key_wait);
kill_fasync(&button_fasync, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
在这个函数里面主要获取引脚的值，并唤醒等待队列，发送信号，这样就完成了信号的发送，不过，等待队列的创建需要定义用这个函数来定义
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(gpio_key_wait);
在read函数里来负责等待这个队列的唤醒，如果唤醒这个队列，则执行下面的语句
/* 实现对应的open/read/write等函数，填入file_operations结构体 */
static ssize_t gpio_key_drv_read (struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offset)
{
//printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
int err;
int key;
wait_event_interruptible(gpio_key_wait, !is_key_buf_empty());
key = get_key();
err = copy_to_user(buf, &key, 4);
return 4;
}
异步通知的使用方法
static int gpio_key_drv_fasync(int fd, struct file *file, int on)
{
if (fasync_helper(fd, file, on, &button_fasync) >= 0)
return 0;
else
return -EIO;
}
这个结构体是和应用层的进程进行打交道的，来获取应用层的pid等等信息，具体步骤如下:
① APP设置进程ID时，驱动程序要记录下进程ID；
② APP还要使能驱动程序的异步通知功能，驱动中有对应的函数：
APP打开驱动程序时，内核会创建对应的file结构体，file中有f_flags；
f_flags中有一个FASYNC位，它被设置为1时表示使能异步通知功能。
当f_flags中的FASYNC位发生变化时，驱动程序的fasync函数被调用。
③ 发生中断时，有数据时，驱动程序调用内核辅助函数发信号。
这个辅助函数名为kill_fasync。
环形缓冲区的定义
使用环形缓冲区，可以在一定程序上避免按键数据丢失
/* 环形缓冲区 */
#define BUF_LEN 128
static int g_keys[BUF_LEN];
static int r, w;
struct fasync_struct *button_fasync;
#define NEXT_POS(x) ((x+1) % BUF_LEN)
static int is_key_buf_empty(void)
{
return (r == w);
}
static int is_key_buf_full(void)
{
return (r == NEXT_POS(w));
}
static void put_key(int key)
{
if (!is_key_buf_full())
{
g_keys[w] = key;
w = NEXT_POS(w);
}
}
static int get_key(void)
{
int key = 0;
if (!is_key_buf_empty())
{
key = g_keys[r];
r = NEXT_POS(r);
}
return key;
}
remove函数里面做什么
前面已经说过，当驱动卸载时调用，此时我们要回收资源
static int gpio_key_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
//int err;
struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
int count;
int i;
device_destroy(gpio_key_class, MKDEV(major, 0));
class_destroy(gpio_key_class);
unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");
count = of_gpio_count(node);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
free_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
}
kfree(gpio_keys_100ask);
return 0;
}
module_init(gpio_key_init);
module_exit(gpio_key_exit);
确定入口出口函数是哪一个
应用层的编写
应用层很简单，就是定义指定一个信号，当这个信号发生时读取read产生的内容，这里面比较重要的难点是fcntl，需要借助这个函数获取和设置标志位
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>
static int fd;
static void sig_func(int sig)
{
int val;
read(fd, &val, 4);
printf("get button : 0x%x\n", val);
}
/*
* ./button_test /dev/100ask_button0
*
*/
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int val;
int timeout_ms = 5000;
int ret;
int flags;
/* 1. 判断参数 */
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: %s <dev>\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
signal(SIGIO, sig_func);
/* 2. 打开文件 */
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1)
{
printf("can not open file %s\n", argv[1]);
return -1;
}
//把进程id告诉驱动,使能驱动的FASYNC功能
fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, getpid());
//获得标志位
flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
//设置这个驱动文件的标志位
fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | FASYNC);
while (1)
{
printf("www.100ask.net \n");
sleep(2);
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
驱动程序总体代码编写
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/gpio/consumer.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/of_gpio.h>
#include <linux/of_irq.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
struct gpio_key{
int gpio;
struct gpio_desc *gpiod;
int flag;
int irq;
} ;
static struct gpio_key *gpio_keys_100ask;
/* 主设备号 */
static int major = 0;
static struct class *gpio_key_class;
/* 环形缓冲区 */
#define BUF_LEN 128
static int g_keys[BUF_LEN];
static int r, w;
struct fasync_struct *button_fasync;
#define NEXT_POS(x) ((x+1) % BUF_LEN)
static int is_key_buf_empty(void)
{
return (r == w);
}
static int is_key_buf_full(void)
{
return (r == NEXT_POS(w));
}
static void put_key(int key)
{
if (!is_key_buf_full())
{
g_keys[w] = key;
w = NEXT_POS(w);
}
}
static int get_key(void)
{
int key = 0;
if (!is_key_buf_empty())
{
key = g_keys[r];
r = NEXT_POS(r);
}
return key;
}
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(gpio_key_wait);
/* 实现对应的open/read/write等函数，填入file_operations结构体 */
static ssize_t gpio_key_drv_read (struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offset)
{
//printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
int err;
int key;
wait_event_interruptible(gpio_key_wait, !is_key_buf_empty());
key = get_key();
err = copy_to_user(buf, &key, 4);
return 4;
}
static unsigned int gpio_key_drv_poll(struct file *fp, poll_table * wait)
{
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
poll_wait(fp, &gpio_key_wait, wait);
return is_key_buf_empty() ? 0 : POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;
}
static int gpio_key_drv_fasync(int fd, struct file *file, int on)
{
if (fasync_helper(fd, file, on, &button_fasync) >= 0)
return 0;
else
return -EIO;
}
/* 定义自己的file_operations结构体 */
static struct file_operations gpio_key_drv = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = gpio_key_drv_read,
.poll = gpio_key_drv_poll,
.fasync = gpio_key_drv_fasync,
};
static irqreturn_t gpio_key_isr(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct gpio_key *gpio_key = dev_id;
int val;
int key;
val = gpiod_get_value(gpio_key->gpiod);
printk("key %d %d\n", gpio_key->gpio, val);
key = (gpio_key->gpio << 8) | val;
put_key(key);
wake_up_interruptible(&gpio_key_wait);
kill_fasync(&button_fasync, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
/* 1. 从platform_device获得GPIO
* 2. gpio=>irq
* 3. request_irq
*/
static int gpio_key_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
int err;
struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
int count;
int i;
enum of_gpio_flags flag;
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
count = of_gpio_count(node);
if (!count)
{
printk("%s %s line %d, there isn't any gpio available\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return -1;
}
gpio_keys_100ask = kzalloc(sizeof(struct gpio_key) * count, GFP_KERNEL);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio = of_get_gpio_flags(node, i, &flag);
if (gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio < 0)
{
printk("%s %s line %d, of_get_gpio_flags fail\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return -1;
}
gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpiod = gpio_to_desc(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);
gpio_keys_100ask[i].flag = flag & OF_GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW;
gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq = gpio_to_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);
}
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
err = request_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, gpio_key_isr, IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
}
/* 注册file_operations */
major = register_chrdev(0, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_key_drv); /* /dev/gpio_key */
gpio_key_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "100ask_gpio_key_class");
if (IS_ERR(gpio_key_class)) {
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");
return PTR_ERR(gpio_key_class);
}
device_create(gpio_key_class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "100ask_gpio_key"); /* /dev/100ask_gpio_key */
return 0;
}
static int gpio_key_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
//int err;
struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
int count;
int i;
device_destroy(gpio_key_class, MKDEV(major, 0));
class_destroy(gpio_key_class);
unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");
count = of_gpio_count(node);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
free_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
}
kfree(gpio_keys_100ask);
return 0;
}
static const struct of_device_id ask100_keys[] = {
{ .compatible = "100ask,gpio_key" },
{ },
};
/* 1. 定义platform_driver */
static struct platform_driver gpio_keys_driver = {
.probe = gpio_key_probe,
.remove = gpio_key_remove,
.driver = {
.name = "100ask_gpio_key",
.of_match_table = ask100_keys,
},
};
/* 2. 在入口函数注册platform_driver */
static int __init gpio_key_init(void)
{
int err;
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
err = platform_driver_register(&gpio_keys_driver);
return err;
}
/* 3. 有入口函数就应该有出口函数：卸载驱动程序时，就会去调用这个出口函数
* 卸载platform_driver
*/
static void __exit gpio_key_exit(void)
{
printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
platform_driver_unregister(&gpio_keys_driver);
}
/* 7. 其他完善：提供设备信息，自动创建设备节点 */
module_init(gpio_key_init);
module_exit(gpio_key_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
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