Linux内核下的定时器的应用与分析

定时器的概念

从大众的角度，定时器就是一个闹钟，到时间了就会工作，从程序员的角度，定一个时间，到时间了就会调用你写的函数事件

定时器在内核的实现机制

所谓实现机制，我觉得就是代码的追踪，一步一步的追踪，这其中大部分都是结构体的封装。逻辑上的定时器是正常的中断，即发生硬件中断，会去查看有没有软中断要处理，定时器通过软中断来实现，属于TIMER_SOFTIRQ软中断

void __init init_timers(void)
{
	init_timer_cpus();
	init_timer_stats();
	open_softirq(TIMER_SOFTIRQ, run_timer_softirq);
}

在初始化的函数中最主要是 这个函数open_softirq(TIMER_SOFTIRQ, run_timer_softirq)，软中断TIMER_SOFTIRQ，会调用run_timer_softirq，

static __latent_entropy void run_timer_softirq(struct softirq_action *h)
{
	struct timer_base *base = this_cpu_ptr(&timer_bases[BASE_STD]);

	/*
	 * must_forward_clk must be cleared before running timers so that any
	 * timer functions that call mod_timer will not try to forward the
	 * base. idle trcking / clock forwarding logic is only used with
	 * BASE_STD timers.
	 *
	 * The deferrable base does not do idle tracking at all, so we do
	 * not forward it. This can result in very large variations in
	 * granularity for deferrable timers, but they can be deferred for
	 * long periods due to idle.
	 */
	base->must_forward_clk = false;

	__run_timers(base);
	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON))
		__run_timers(this_cpu_ptr(&timer_bases[BASE_DEF]));
}

在软中断TIMER_SOFTIRQ处理的过程中,会把你定义的定时器从链表中取出来，如果这些定时器到达时间之后，然后执行对应的处理函数

定时器时间单位

编译内核时，可以在内核源码根目录下用“ls -a”看到一个隐藏文件，它就是内核配置文件。打开后可以看到如下这项：
CONFIG_HZ=100
这表示内核每秒中会发生100次系统滴答中断(tick)，这就像人类的心跳一样，这是Linux系统的心跳。每发生一次tick中断，全局变量jiffies就会累加1。
CONFIG_HZ=100表示每个滴答是10ms。
定时器的时间就是基于jiffies的，我们修改超时时间时，一般使用这2种方法：
① 在add_timer之前，直接修改：
timer.expires = jiffies + xxx; // xxx表示多少个滴答后超时，也就是xxx10ms
timer.expires = jiffies + 2HZ; // HZ等于CONFIG_HZ，2HZ就相当于2秒
② 在add_timer之后，使用mod_timer修改：
mod_timer(&timer, jiffies + xxx); // xxx表示多少个滴答后超时，也就是xxx10ms
mod_timer(&timer, jiffies + 2HZ); // HZ等于CONFIG_HZ，2HZ就相当于2秒

定时器相关函数

① setup_timer(timer, fn, data)：

设置定时器，主要是初始化timer_list结构体，设置其中的函数、参数。

② void add_timer(struct timer_list *timer)：

向内核添加定时器。timer->expires表示超时时间。
当超时时间到达，内核就会调用这个函数：timer->function(timer->data)。

③ int mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires):

修改定时器的超时时间，它等同于：del_timer(timer); timer->expires = expires; add_timer(timer);
但是更加高效。

④ int del_timer(struct timer_list *timer)：

删除定时器。

相关代码讲解

比如我们可以在设备总线的probe函数里设置一个定时器和添加一个定时器

当时间到达后，就会调用自定义函数，比如可以在函数里唤醒某个中断队列，并发送产生信号的发送

修改定时器的方法有多种

1. 可以直接对这个定时器的结构体函数进行修改gpio_keys_100ask[i].key_timer.expires = ~0;
2. 调用int mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires):如下图HZ等于CONFIG_HZ，HZ/5就相当于20ms
   

驱动端完整代码演示

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/gpio/consumer.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/of_gpio.h>
#include <linux/of_irq.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>

struct gpio_key{
	int gpio;
	struct gpio_desc *gpiod;
	int flag;
	int irq;
	struct timer_list key_timer;
} ;

static struct gpio_key *gpio_keys_100ask;

/* 主设备号                                                                 */
static int major = 0;
static struct class *gpio_key_class;

/* 环形缓冲区 */
#define BUF_LEN 128
static int g_keys[BUF_LEN];
static int r, w;

struct fasync_struct *button_fasync;

#define NEXT_POS(x) ((x+1) % BUF_LEN)

static int is_key_buf_empty(void)
{
	return (r == w);
}

static int is_key_buf_full(void)
{
	return (r == NEXT_POS(w));
}

static void put_key(int key)
{
	if (!is_key_buf_full())
	{
		g_keys[w] = key;
		w = NEXT_POS(w);
	}
}

static int get_key(void)
{
	int key = 0;
	if (!is_key_buf_empty())
	{
		key = g_keys[r];
		r = NEXT_POS(r);
	}
	return key;
}


static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(gpio_key_wait);

static void key_timer_expire(unsigned long data)
{
	/* data ==> gpio */
	struct gpio_key *gpio_key = data;
	int val;
	int key;

	val = gpiod_get_value(gpio_key->gpiod);


	printk("key_timer_expire key %d %d\n", gpio_key->gpio, val);
	key = (gpio_key->gpio << 8) | val;
	put_key(key);
	wake_up_interruptible(&gpio_key_wait);
	kill_fasync(&button_fasync, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
}


/* 实现对应的open/read/write等函数，填入file_operations结构体                   */
static ssize_t gpio_key_drv_read (struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offset)
{
	//printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
	int err;
	int key;

	if (is_key_buf_empty() && (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK))
		return -EAGAIN;
	
	wait_event_interruptible(gpio_key_wait, !is_key_buf_empty());
	key = get_key();
	err = copy_to_user(buf, &key, 4);
	
	return 4;
}

static unsigned int gpio_key_drv_poll(struct file *fp, poll_table * wait)
{
	printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
	poll_wait(fp, &gpio_key_wait, wait);
	return is_key_buf_empty() ? 0 : POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;
}

static int gpio_key_drv_fasync(int fd, struct file *file, int on)
{
	if (fasync_helper(fd, file, on, &button_fasync) >= 0)
		return 0;
	else
		return -EIO;
}


/* 定义自己的file_operations结构体                                              */
static struct file_operations gpio_key_drv = {
	.owner	 = THIS_MODULE,
	.read    = gpio_key_drv_read,
	.poll    = gpio_key_drv_poll,
	.fasync  = gpio_key_drv_fasync,
};


static irqreturn_t gpio_key_isr(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
	struct gpio_key *gpio_key = dev_id;
	printk("gpio_key_isr key %d irq happened\n", gpio_key->gpio);
	mod_timer(&gpio_key->key_timer, jiffies + HZ/5);
	return IRQ_HANDLED;
}

/* 1. 从platform_device获得GPIO
 * 2. gpio=>irq
 * 3. request_irq
 */
static int gpio_key_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
	int err;
	struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
	int count;
	int i;
	enum of_gpio_flags flag;
		
	printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);

	count = of_gpio_count(node);
	if (!count)
	{
		printk("%s %s line %d, there isn't any gpio available\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
		return -1;
	}

	gpio_keys_100ask = kzalloc(sizeof(struct gpio_key) * count, GFP_KERNEL);
	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
	{		
		gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio = of_get_gpio_flags(node, i, &flag);
		if (gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio < 0)
		{
			printk("%s %s line %d, of_get_gpio_flags fail\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
			return -1;
		}
		gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpiod = gpio_to_desc(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);
		gpio_keys_100ask[i].flag = flag & OF_GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW;
		gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq  = gpio_to_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].gpio);

		setup_timer(&gpio_keys_100ask[i].key_timer, key_timer_expire, &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
		gpio_keys_100ask[i].key_timer.expires = ~0;
		add_timer(&gpio_keys_100ask[i].key_timer);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
	{
		err = request_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, gpio_key_isr, IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
	}

	/* 注册file_operations 	*/
	major = register_chrdev(0, "100ask_gpio_key", &gpio_key_drv);  /* /dev/gpio_key */

	gpio_key_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "100ask_gpio_key_class");
	if (IS_ERR(gpio_key_class)) {
		printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
		unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");
		return PTR_ERR(gpio_key_class);
	}

	device_create(gpio_key_class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "100ask_gpio_key"); /* /dev/100ask_gpio_key */
        
    return 0;
    
}

static int gpio_key_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
	//int err;
	struct device_node *node = pdev->dev.of_node;
	int count;
	int i;

	device_destroy(gpio_key_class, MKDEV(major, 0));
	class_destroy(gpio_key_class);
	unregister_chrdev(major, "100ask_gpio_key");

	count = of_gpio_count(node);
	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
	{
		free_irq(gpio_keys_100ask[i].irq, &gpio_keys_100ask[i]);
		del_timer(&gpio_keys_100ask[i].key_timer);
	}
	kfree(gpio_keys_100ask);
    return 0;
}


static const struct of_device_id ask100_keys[] = {
    { .compatible = "100ask,gpio_key" },
    { },
};

/* 1. 定义platform_driver */
static struct platform_driver gpio_keys_driver = {
    .probe      = gpio_key_probe,
    .remove     = gpio_key_remove,
    .driver     = {
        .name   = "100ask_gpio_key",
        .of_match_table = ask100_keys,
    },
};

/* 2. 在入口函数注册platform_driver */
static int __init gpio_key_init(void)
{
    int err;
    
	printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
	
    err = platform_driver_register(&gpio_keys_driver); 
	
	return err;
}

/* 3. 有入口函数就应该有出口函数：卸载驱动程序时，就会去调用这个出口函数
 *     卸载platform_driver
 */
static void __exit gpio_key_exit(void)
{
	printk("%s %s line %d\n", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);

    platform_driver_unregister(&gpio_keys_driver);
}


/* 7. 其他完善：提供设备信息，自动创建设备节点                                     */

module_init(gpio_key_init);
module_exit(gpio_key_exit);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

应用端完整代码演示

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>

static int fd;

/*
 * ./button_test /dev/100ask_button0
 *
 */
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int val;
	struct pollfd fds[1];
	int timeout_ms = 5000;
	int ret;
	int	flags;

	int i;
	
	/* 1. 判断参数 */
	if (argc != 2) 
	{
		printf("Usage: %s <dev>\n", argv[0]);
		return -1;
	}


	/* 2. 打开文件 */
	fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
	if (fd == -1)
	{
		printf("can not open file %s\n", argv[1]);
		return -1;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) 
	{
		if (read(fd, &val, 4) == 4)
			printf("get button: 0x%x\n", val);
		else
			printf("get button: -1\n");
	}

	flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
	fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags & ~O_NONBLOCK);

	while (1)
	{
		if (read(fd, &val, 4) == 4)
			printf("get button: 0x%x\n", val);
		else
			printf("while get button: -1\n");
	}
	
	close(fd);
	
	return 0;
}