近35年来粮食生产用水效率和水足迹的变化:以华北平原为例

Changes in water use efficiency and water footprint in grain production over the past 35 years: a case study in the North China Plain

highlights：
WUE and WF of winter wheat and maize in the North China Plain between 1980 and 2014 were quantified.
WUE increased and WF decreased due to the increase in grain yield.
The changing trend of WUE being greater than WF due to the considering the agricultural input in WF.
The changing trend of WUE being greater than WF due to the considering the agricultural input in WF.
Compared with the WUE, the WF measure is a more comprehensive approach.

水分利用效率(WUE，定义为粮食产量除以作物用水的比率)考虑的是直接在田间使用的水。水足迹(WF，计算为绿色、蓝色和灰色WF之和)还包括农业投入的水利用和作物用水可能产生的环境影响。本研究以华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米的WUE和WF为例，利用1980年至2014年在一个固定地点收集的田间数据，对这两个指标进行了评价。结果表明，冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率和水分利用效率随粮食产量和农业投入的波动存在季节性变化。年平均WHU从1980年的1.21 kg/m3到近期的1.80 kg/m3。年平均WF从0.90 kg/m3降到0.78 kg/m3。WFgreen、WFblue和WF grey对WF总量的贡献率分别为:冬小麦为23.4%、62.0%和14.5%，夏玉米为59.4%、26.7%和14.0%。WFblue约占WF的一半，说明该地区粮食生产对灌溉的依赖程度。本研究的结果还表明，由于WFgrey的快速增加，WUE的增加远远大于WF的减少。自1980年代以来，农业投入的不断增加抵消了作物水分生产力的一些改善。WF指标不仅可以定量反映农业用水的消耗情况，而且可以对整个农业生产系统的环境影响进行评价。因此，在评价作物水分利用效率及其环境影响方面，WF方法可能比WUE方法更全面。

Water use efficiency (WUE, defined as the ratio of grain yield divided by the crop water use) considers the water used directly in the field. Water footprint (WF, calculated as the sum of green, blue and grey WF) also includes the water use of farm inputs and the possible environmental effects of crop water use. This study used the two metrics to assess the WUE and WF of winter wheat and summer maize, an annual double cropping system in the North China Plain (NCP), using field data collected at a fixed site from 1980 to 2014 as a case study. The results show that there was seasonal variation in the WUE and WF of winter wheat and summer maize in response to fluctuations in grain production and farm inputs. Annual average WUE was increased from 1.21 kg m 3 in 1980s to 1.80 kg m 3 recently, and the annual average WF was decreased from 0.90 m 3 kg to 0.78 m 3 kg. The contribution of the WFgreen, WFblue and WF grey to total WF was 23.4%, 62.0% and 14.5% for winter wheat, and 59.4%, 26.7% and 14.0% on average for summer maize, respectively. The WFblue took up about half of the WF, indicating the dependence of grain production on irrigation in this region. The results from this study also showed that the increase in WUE was much greater than the decrease in WF due to the fast increase in WFgrey. The continuous increase in farm inputs from 1980s to present offset some improvement in crop water productivity. The WF metric can not only quantify the consumptive water use, but also evaluate the environmental impacts related to entire agricultural production systems. Thus, WF measure may be a more comprehensive approach than that of WUE in assessing the effectiveness of crop water use and its environmental influence.

References:
[1]. Lu, Y., et al., Changes in water use efficiency and water footprint in grain production over the past 35 years: a case study in the North China Plain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016. 116: p. 71-79.【1区】