谱加权
本篇文章主要分析线列阵,下式给出了
u
u
u空间的波束方向图的推导公式
B
u
(
u
)
=
ω
H
v
u
(
u
)
=
e
−
j
N
−
1
2
2
π
d
λ
u
∑
n
=
0
N
−
1
ω
n
∗
e
j
n
2
π
d
λ
u
B_u(u)=\omega^Hv_u(u)=e^{-j\frac{N-1}{2}\frac{2\pi d}{\lambda}u}\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}\omega^*_ne^{jn\frac{2\pi d}{\lambda}u}
Bu(u)=ωHvu(u)=e−j2N−1λ2πdun=0∑N−1ωn∗ejnλ2πdu
我们可以看到,波束方向图是权值与流形矢量的数量积,本篇文章主要分析不同的权值对波束方向图产生的不同影响,因为以下考虑的权值全部为实对称的,所以可以把n个阵元的位置用下面的标号代替
n
~
=
n
−
N
−
1
2
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
⋯
,
N
−
1
\tilde{n}=n-\frac{N-1}{2},n=0,1,\cdots,N-1
n~=n−2N−1,n=0,1,⋯,N−1
cosine加权
考虑N为奇数的情况,cosine的权值为
ω
(
n
~
)
=
s
i
n
(
π
2
N
)
c
o
s
(
π
n
~
N
)
,
−
N
−
1
2
≤
n
~
≤
N
−
1
2
\omega(\tilde{n})=sin(\frac{\pi}{2N})cos(\pi\frac{\tilde{n}}{N}),-\frac{N-1}{2}\leq \tilde{n}\leq\frac{N-1}{2}
ω(n~)=sin(2Nπ)cos(πNn~),−2N−1≤n~≤2N−1
其中
s
i
n
(
π
2
N
)
sin(\frac{\pi}{2N})
sin(2Nπ)是一个常数,目的是为了使得
B
u
(
0
)
=
1
,
把
c
o
s
i
n
e
写
成
指
数
形
式
,
逐
步
变
形
最
终
可
以
得
到
B_u(0)=1,把cosine写成指数形式,逐步变形最终可以得到
Bu(0)=1,把cosine写成指数形式,逐步变形最终可以得到
B
u
(
u
)
=
1
2
s
i
n
(
π
2
N
)
{
s
i
n
(
N
π
2
(
u
−
1
N
)
)
s
i
n
(
π
2
(
u
−
1
N
)
)
+
s
i
n
(
N
π
2
(
u
+
1
N
)
)
s
i
n
(
π
2
(
u
+
1
N
)
)
}
B_u(u)=\frac{1}{2}sin(\frac{\pi}{2N})\{\frac{sin(\frac{N\pi}{2}(u-\frac{1}{N}))}{sin(\frac{\pi}{2}(u-\frac{1}{N}))}+\frac{sin(\frac{N\pi}{2}(u+\frac{1}{N}))}{sin(\frac{\pi}{2}(u+\frac{1}{N}))}\}
Bu(u)=21sin(2Nπ){sin(2π(u−N1))sin(2Nπ(u−N1))+sin(2π(u+N1))sin(2Nπ(u+N1))}
我们可以直接利用计算机的计算能力,让其帮助我们处理权值与流形矢量的乘积,下面给出结果
我们可以看到旁瓣变得更低,而主瓣也变宽了,下面看一下各项数据的对比
matlab代码
clear all
close all
M=11;
d=0.5; % sensor spacing wrt wavelength
D = [-(M-1)/2:1:(M-1)/2]*d; % sensor positions in wavelengths
% weights, normalized so that w(0)=1
W_unf = ones(1,M);
W_cos = cos(pi*D*2/M);
% Beampatterns
u = [0:0.001:1];
A = exp(-j*2*pi*D.'*u);
G_unf = W_unf*A;
G_unf = G_unf/(max(abs(G_unf)));
G_cos = W_cos*A;
G_cos = G_cos/(max(abs(G_cos)));
figure
% array only
clf
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_unf)),'--')
hold on
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_cos)),'-')
hold off
axis([0 1 -80 0])
%title([int2str(M) ' element array'])
h=legend('Uniform','Cosine');
set(h,'Fontsize',12)
xlabel('\it u','Fontsize',14)
ylabel('Beam pattern (dB)','Fontsize',14)
升余弦加权
权值
ω
(
n
~
)
=
c
(
p
)
(
p
+
(
1
−
p
)
c
o
s
(
π
n
~
N
)
)
,
n
~
=
−
N
−
1
2
,
⋯
,
N
−
1
2
\omega(\tilde n)=c(p)(p+(1-p)cos(\pi\frac{\tilde n}{N})),\tilde n =-\frac{N-1}{2}, \cdots,\frac{N-1}{2}
ω(n~)=c(p)(p+(1−p)cos(πNn~)),n~=−2N−1,⋯,2N−1
其中
c
(
p
)
c(p)
c(p)是一个常数,使得
B
u
(
0
)
=
1
B_u(0)=1
Bu(0)=1
c
(
p
)
=
p
N
+
(
1
−
p
)
2
s
i
n
(
π
2
N
)
c(p)=\frac{p}{N}+\frac{(1-p)}{2}sin(\frac{\pi}{2N})
c(p)=Np+2(1−p)sin(2Nπ)
下图给出了
p
=
0.31
,
0.17
,
0
p=0.31,0.17,0
p=0.31,0.17,0时的波束方向图
当
p
p
p减小时,第一旁瓣的高度减小,主波束宽度增加,所以我们已经可以使得HPBW变窄,并使得第一旁瓣比均匀分布的情况要低得多
matlab代码
clear all
close all
M=11;
d=0.5; % sensor spacing wrt wavelength
D = [-(M-1)/2:1:(M-1)/2]*d; % sensor positions in wavelengths
% weights, normalized so that w(0)=1
p=[0;0.17;0.31;1];
W_rcos = p*ones(1,M)+(ones(4,1)-p)*cos(pi*D*2/M);
% Beampatterns
u = [0:0.001:1];
c=p+(ones(4,1)-p)*2/pi;
A = exp(-j*2*pi*D.'*u);
G_rcos = W_rcos*A;
for m=1:4
G_rcos(m,:) = G_rcos(m,:)/(max(abs(G_rcos(m,:))));
end
figure
clf
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_rcos(3,:))),'-.')
hold on
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_rcos(2,:))),'--')
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_rcos(1,:))),'-')
hold off
axis([0 1 -80 0])
h=legend('{\it p}=0.31','{\it p}=0.17','{\it p}=0');
set(h,'Fontsize',12)
xlabel('\it u','Fontsize',14)
ylabel('Beam pattern (dB)','Fontsize',14)
cosinem加权
下面分析一系列cosine加权,形成
c
o
s
m
(
π
n
~
N
)
cos^m(\frac{\pi\tilde n}{N})
cosm(Nπn~),z阵列的权值为
ω
m
(
n
~
)
=
{
c
2
c
o
s
2
(
π
n
~
N
)
,
m
=
2
c
3
c
o
s
3
(
π
n
~
N
)
,
m
=
3
c
4
c
o
s
4
(
π
n
~
N
)
,
m
=
4
\omega_m(\tilde n) = \begin{cases} c_2cos^2(\frac{\pi\tilde n}{N}), & m=2 \\ c_3cos^3(\frac{\pi\tilde n}{N}), & m=3 \\ c_4cos^4(\frac{\pi\tilde n}{N}),& m=4 \\ \end{cases}
ωm(n~)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧c2cos2(Nπn~),c3cos3(Nπn~),c4cos4(Nπn~),m=2m=3m=4
其中
c
2
,
c
3
,
c
4
c_2,c_3,c_4
c2,c3,c4仍旧是归一化常数
下图给出波束方向图,当m增加时,旁瓣减小,但主波束变宽
matlab代码
clear all
close all
M=11;
d=0.5; % sensor spacing wrt wavelength
D = [-(M-1)/2:1:(M-1)/2]*d; % sensor positions in wavelengths
% weights, normalized so that w(0)=1
W_cos2 = cos(pi*D*2/M).^2;
W_cos3 = cos(pi*D*2/M).^3;
W_cos4 = cos(pi*D*2/M).^4;
% Beampatterns
u = [0:0.001:1];
A = exp(-j*2*pi*D.'*u);
G_cos2 = W_cos2*A;
G_cos2 = G_cos2/(max(abs(G_cos2)));
G_cos3 = W_cos3*A;
G_cos3 = G_cos3/(max(abs(G_cos3)));
G_cos4 = W_cos4*A;
G_cos4 = G_cos4/(max(abs(G_cos4)));
figure
clf
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_cos2)),'--')
hold on
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_cos3)),'-')
plot(u,20*log10(abs(G_cos4)),'-.')
hold off
axis([0 1 -80 0])
h=legend('{\it m}=2','{\it m}=3','{\it m}=4');
set(h,'Fontsize',12)
xlabel('\it u','Fontsize',14)
ylabel('Beam pattern (dB)','Fontsize',14)
总结
以上分析了cosine加权及其的几种变形,总体而言,cosine加权使得主瓣的宽度变宽但使得第一旁瓣的高度变低,且在升余弦加权中,p越小这种趋势越明显,同样在cosine的m次方加权中,m越大越明显。