一篇文章学完Python基础

1. 字符串

str1 = "Hello" str2 = " World" print(str1 + str2)  # 输出：HelloWorld

1.1 字符替换

text = "Hello, World!"   new_text = text.replace("World", "Python")   print(new_text)  # 输出：Hello, Python!

1.2 字符串方法 - 大小写转换

text = "hello world" upper_text = text.upper() lower_text = text.lower() print(upper_text)  # 输出：HELLO WORLDprint(lower_text)  # 输出：hello world

1.3 字符串格式化 - 使用format方法

name = "Alice" age = 30 formatted_string = "My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age) print(formatted_string)  # 输出：My name is Alice and I am 30 years old.

1.4 字符串格式化 - f-string

name = "Alice" age = 30 formatted_string = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old." print(formatted_string)  # 输出：My name is Alice and I am 30 years old.

2. 列表

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print(my_list)

2.1 访问列表

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print(my_list[0])  # 输出第一个元素

2.2 修改列表

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] my_list[0] = 10 print(my_list)

2.3 追加元素

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] my_list.append(6) print(my_list)

2.3 列表排序

numbers = [5, 1, 9, 3, 7] numbers.sort() print(numbers)  # 输出：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

2.4 列表反转

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] numbers.reverse() print(numbers)  # 输出：[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

3. 元组

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) print(my_tuple)

3.1 访问元组

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) # 访问第一个元素 first_element = my_tuple[0] print(first_element)  # 输出：1# 访问最后一个元素 last_element = my_tuple[-1] print(last_element)  # 输出：5

3.2 元组切片

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) # 切片获取部分元素 sub_tuple = my_tuple[2:5] print(sub_tuple)  # 输出：(3, 4, 5)

3.3 元组不可变性

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) # 尝试修改元组元素，这会抛出异常 # my_tuple[0] = 10  # 这行会引发TypeError# 正确的方式是创建新的元组 new_tuple = (10,) + my_tuple[1:] print(new_tuple)  # 输出：(10, 2, 3)

3.4 元组与列表的转换

# 将列表转换为元组 my_list = [1, 2, 3] my_tuple = tuple(my_list) print(my_tuple)  # 输出：(1, 2, 3)  # 将元组转换为列表 my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) my_list = list(my_tuple) print(my_list)  # 输出：[1, 2, 3]

3.5 元组作为字典的键

# 元组可以作为字典的键，因为元组是不可变的 my_dict = {(1, 2): "one-two", (3, 4): "three-four"} print(my_dict[(1, 2)])  # 输出："one-two"

3.6 元组解包

# 解包元组到变量中 a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) print(a)  # 输出：1print(b)  # 输出：2print(c)  # 输出：3 # 解包带有星号的元组 first, *rest = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) print(first)  # 输出：1print(rest)  # 输出：[2, 3, 4, 5]

4. 字典

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30} print(my_dict["name"])

4.1 字典更新

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30} my_dict["age"] = 31print(my_dict)

4.2 字典的get方法

my_dict = {'a': 1,'b': 2} value = my_dict.get('a') print(value) # 输出：1value = my_dict.get('c', 'Not found') print(value) # 输出：Not found

4.3 字典的keys()和values()方法

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} keys = my_dict.keys() values = my_dict.values() print(keys)  # 输出：dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c']) print(values)  # 输出：dict_values([1, 2, 3])

5. 集合

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} print(my_set)

5.1 集合操作 - 并集

set1 = {1, 2, 3} set2 = {3, 4, 5} union_set = set1 | set2 print(union_set)

5.2 集合操作 - 交集

set1 = {1, 2, 3} set2 = {3, 4, 5} intersection_set = set1 & set2 print(intersection_set)

6. 推导式

6.1 列表推导式

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)] print(squares)  # 输出：[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

6.2 字典推导式

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} new_dict = {k: v*2 for k, v in my_dict.items()} print(new_dict)  # 输出：{'a': 2, 'b': 4, 'c': 6}

6.3 条件推导式

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] evens = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0] print(evens)  # 输出：[2, 4]

7. 四大函数

7.1 enumerate函数

my_list = ['a', 'b', 'c'] for index, value in enumerate(my_list):     print(f"Index: {index}, Value: {value}")

7.2 zip函数

list1 = [1, 2, 3] list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c'] for i, j in zip(list1, list2):    print(i, j)

7.3 map函数

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] squared = map(lambda x: x**2, numbers) print(list(squared))  # 输出：[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

7.4 filter函数

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] even_numbers = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers) print(list(even_numbers))  # 输出：[2, 4, 6]

8. 条件语句

x = 10 if x > 5:    print("x is greater than 5")

9. 循环语句

9.1 for循环

for i in range(5):    print(i)

9.2 while循环

i = 0 while i < 5:    print(i)    i += 1

10. 异常处理

try:    x = 1 / 0except ZeroDivisionError:    print("Cannot divide by zero")

11. 文件读写

11.1 文件读取

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:    content = file.read() print(content)

11.2 文件写入

with open('example.txt', 'w') as file:    file.write('Hello, World!')

12. 模块导入

import math print(math.sqrt(16))  # 输出：4.0

13. 函数

def greet(name):    print(f"Hello, {name}!")    greet("Bob")

14. 类

class Dog:    def __init__(self, name):        self.name = name            def bark(self):        print(f"{self.name} barks!")        my_dog = Dog("Buddy") my_dog.bark()  # 输出：Buddy barks!

15. 继承

class Animal:    def __init__(self, name):        self.name = name            def speak(self):        print(f"{self.name} speaks!")        class Dog(Animal):    def bark(self):            print(f"{self.name} barks!")         my_dog = Dog("Buddy") my_dog.speak()  # 输出：Buddy speaks!my_dog.bark()  # 输出：Buddy barks!

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