1、Bluetooth简介
蓝牙是一种支持设备短距离通信的无线电技术。它采用分散式网络结构以及快跳频和短包技术,支持点对点及一点对多点通信。
蓝牙特点:
- 低功率
- 短距离
- 低成本
- 高速
蓝牙通信流程:
- 检测蓝牙在设备上的可用性
- 打开蓝牙
- 查找设备
- 连接设备
2、实践
要求: 蓝牙通信
备注: 该实验需要设备支持蓝牙,AS模拟器无法支持蓝牙,在调试时需要连接手机进行调试。
实验过程:
(1)权限注册
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
(2)在文件res/values/strings.xml里,添加程序运行过程中的状态描述文本及配色代码等,其代码如下:
<resources>
<string name="app_name">蓝牙Demo</string>
<string name="send">发送</string>
<string name="not_connected">你没有链接一个设备</string>
<string name="bt_not_enabled_leaving">蓝牙不可用,离开聊天室</string>
<string name="title_connecting">链接中...</string>
<string name="title_connected_to">连接到:</string>
<string name="title_not_connected">无链接</string>
<string name="scanning">蓝牙设备搜索中...</string>
<string name="select_device">选择一个好友链接</string>
<string name="none_paired">没有配对好友</string>
<string name="none_found">附近没有发现好友</string>
<string name="title_paired_devices">已配对好友</string>
<string name="title_other_devices">其它可连接好友</string>
<string name="button_scan">搜索好友</string>
<string name="connect">我的好友</string>
<string name="discoverable">设置在线</string>
<string name="back">退出</string>
<string name="startVideo">开始聊天</string>
<string name="stopVideo">结束聊天</string>
</resources>
(3)蓝牙通信主布局文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
<androidx.appcompat.widget.Toolbar
android:id="@+id/toolbar"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
android:minHeight="?attr/actionBarSize"
android:theme="?attr/actionBarTheme">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/title_left_text"
style="?android:attr/windowTitleStyle"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="left"
android:ellipsize="end"
android:singleLine="true" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/title_right_text"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:ellipsize="end"
android:gravity="right"
android:singleLine="true"
android:textColor="#fff" />
</LinearLayout>
</androidx.appcompat.widget.Toolbar>
<ListView android:id="@+id/in"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:stackFromBottom="true"
android:transcriptMode="alwaysScroll"
android:layout_weight="1" />
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
<EditText android:id="@+id/edit_text_out"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:layout_gravity="bottom" />
<Button android:id="@+id/button_send"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/send"/>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
蓝牙通信联系人页面:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/ll"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/title_paired_devices"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="#666"
android:paddingLeft="5dp"
android:text="@string/title_paired_devices"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:visibility="gone" />
<ListView
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/paired_devices"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/title_new_devices"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="#666"
android:paddingLeft="5dp"
android:text="@string/title_other_devices"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:visibility="gone" />
<!--android:visibility="gone"表示不占空间的隐藏,invisible是占空间-->
<ListView
android:id="@+id/new_devices"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="2" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button_scan"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/button_scan" />
</LinearLayout>
编写Toolbar的Menu布局文件
Toolbar的Menu布局文件需要放在res/menu文件加下:
menu文件的创建如下,选择Android Resource Directory后在弹出的对话框中在Resource Type栏选择menu即可。
布局文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<item android:id="@+id/scan"
android:icon="@android:drawable/ic_menu_myplaces"
android:title="@string/connect" />
<item android:id="@+id/discoverable"
android:icon="@android:drawable/ic_menu_view"
android:title="@string/discoverable" />
<item android:id="@+id/back"
android:icon="@android:drawable/ic_menu_close_clear_cancel"
android:title="@string/back" />
</menu>
(4)获取 BluetoothAdapter;
管理对应的当前连接;
对外发出连接对方蓝牙的请求和处理流程。
public class ChatService {
private static final String NAME = "BluetoothChat";
// UUID:通用唯一识别码,是一个128位长的数字,一般用十六进制表示
//算法的核心思想是结合机器的网卡、当地时间、一个随机数来生成
//在创建蓝牙连接
private static final UUID MY_UUID = UUID.fromString("fa87c0d0-afac-11de-8a39-0800200c9a66");
private final BluetoothAdapter mAdapter;
private final Handler mHandler;
private AcceptThread mAcceptThread;
private ConnectThread mConnectThread;
private ConnectedThread mConnectedThread;
private int mState;
public static final int STATE_NONE = 0;
public static final int STATE_LISTEN = 1;
public static final int STATE_CONNECTING = 2;
public static final int STATE_CONNECTED = 3;
public ChatService(Context context,Handler mHandler) {
this.mHandler = mHandler;
//构造方法完成蓝牙对象的创建
mAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
mState = STATE_NONE;
}
private synchronized void setState(int state) {
mState = state;
mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGE, state, -1).sendToTarget();
}
public synchronized int getState() {
return mState;
}
public synchronized void start() {
if (mConnectThread != null) {
mConnectThread.cancel();
mConnectThread = null;
}
if (mConnectedThread != null) {
mConnectedThread.cancel();
mConnectedThread = null;
}
if (mAcceptThread == null) {
mAcceptThread = new AcceptThread();
mAcceptThread.start();
}
setState(STATE_LISTEN);
}
//取消 CONNECTING 和 CONNECTED 状态下的相关线程,然后运行新的 mConnectThread 线程
public synchronized void connect(BluetoothDevice device) {
if (mState == STATE_CONNECTING) {
if (mConnectThread != null) {
mConnectThread.cancel();
mConnectThread = null;
}
}
if (mConnectedThread != null) {
mConnectedThread.cancel();
mConnectedThread = null;
}
mConnectThread = new ConnectThread(device);
mConnectThread.start();
setState(STATE_CONNECTING);
}
/*
开启一个 ConnectedThread 来管理对应的当前连接。之前先取消任意现存的 mConnectThread 、
mConnectedThread 、 mAcceptThread 线程,然后开启新 mConnectedThread ,传入当前刚刚接受的
socket 连接。最后通过 Handler来通知UI连接
*/
public synchronized void connected(BluetoothSocket socket, BluetoothDevice device) {
if (mConnectThread != null) {
mConnectThread.cancel();
mConnectThread = null;
}
if (mConnectedThread != null) {
mConnectedThread.cancel();
mConnectedThread = null;
}
if (mAcceptThread != null) {
mAcceptThread.cancel();
mAcceptThread = null;
}
mConnectedThread = new ConnectedThread(socket);
mConnectedThread.start();
Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_DEVICE_NAME);
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString(weixinFragment.DEVICE_NAME, device.getName());
msg.setData(bundle);
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
setState(STATE_CONNECTED);
}
// 停止所有相关线程,设当前状态为 NONE
public synchronized void stop() {
if (mConnectThread != null) {
mConnectThread.cancel();
mConnectThread = null;
}
if (mConnectedThread != null) {
mConnectedThread.cancel();
mConnectedThread = null;
}
if (mAcceptThread != null) {
mAcceptThread.cancel();
mAcceptThread = null;
}
setState(STATE_NONE);
}
// 在 STATE_CONNECTED 状态下,调用 mConnectedThread 里的 write 方法,写入 byte
public void write(byte[] out) {
ConnectedThread r;
synchronized (this) {
if (mState != STATE_CONNECTED)
return;
r = mConnectedThread;
}
r.write(out);
}
// 连接失败的时候处理,通知 ui ,并设为 STATE_LISTEN 状态
private void connectionFailed() {
setState(STATE_LISTEN);
Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_TOAST);
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString(weixinFragment.TOAST, "链接不到设备");
msg.setData(bundle);
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
// 当连接失去的时候,设为 STATE_LISTEN 状态并通知 ui
private void connectionLost() {
setState(STATE_LISTEN);
Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_TOAST);
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString(weixinFragment.TOAST, "设备链接中断");
msg.setData(bundle);
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
// 创建监听线程,准备接受新连接。使用阻塞方式,调用 BluetoothServerSocket.accept()
private class AcceptThread extends Thread {
private final BluetoothServerSocket mmServerSocket;
public AcceptThread() {
BluetoothServerSocket tmp = null;
try {
//使用射频端口(RF comm)监听
tmp = mAdapter.listenUsingRfcommWithServiceRecord(NAME, MY_UUID);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
mmServerSocket = tmp;
}
@Override
public void run() {
setName("AcceptThread");
BluetoothSocket socket = null;
while (mState != STATE_CONNECTED) {
try {
socket = mmServerSocket.accept();
} catch (IOException e) {
break;
}
if (socket != null) {
synchronized (ChatService.this) {
switch (mState) {
case STATE_LISTEN:
case STATE_CONNECTING:
connected(socket, socket.getRemoteDevice());
break;
case STATE_NONE:
case STATE_CONNECTED:
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
break;
}
}
}
}
}
public void cancel() {
try {
mmServerSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/*
连接线程,专门用来对外发出连接对方蓝牙的请求和处理流程。
构造函数里通过 BluetoothDevice.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord() ,
从待连接的 device 产生 BluetoothSocket. 然后在 run 方法中 connect ,
成功后调用 BluetoothChatSevice 的 connected() 方法。定义 cancel() 在关闭线程时能够关闭相关socket 。
*/
private class ConnectThread extends Thread {
private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket;
private final BluetoothDevice mmDevice;
public ConnectThread(BluetoothDevice device) {
mmDevice = device;
BluetoothSocket tmp = null;
try {
tmp = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(MY_UUID);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
mmSocket = tmp;
}
@Override
public void run() {
setName("ConnectThread");
mAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
try {
mmSocket.connect();
} catch (IOException e) {
connectionFailed();
try {
mmSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e2) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
ChatService.this.start();
return;
}
synchronized (ChatService.this) {
mConnectThread = null;
}
connected(mmSocket, mmDevice);
}
public void cancel() {
try {
mmSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/*
双方蓝牙连接后一直运行的线程;构造函数中设置输入输出流。
run()方法中使用阻塞模式的 InputStream.read()循环读取输入流,然后发送到 UI 线程中更新聊天消息。
本线程也提供了 write() 将聊天消息写入输出流传输至对方,传输成功后回写入 UI 线程。最后使用cancel()关闭连接的 socket
*/
private class ConnectedThread extends Thread {
private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket;
private final InputStream mmInStream;
private final OutputStream mmOutStream;
public ConnectedThread(BluetoothSocket socket) {
mmSocket = socket;
InputStream tmpIn = null;
OutputStream tmpOut = null;
try {
tmpIn = socket.getInputStream();
tmpOut = socket.getOutputStream();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
mmInStream = tmpIn;
mmOutStream = tmpOut;
}
@Override
public void run() {
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int bytes;
while (true) {
try {
bytes = mmInStream.read(buffer);
mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_READ, bytes, -1, buffer).sendToTarget();
} catch (IOException e) {
connectionLost();
break;
}
}
}
public void write(byte[] buffer) {
try {
mmOutStream.write(buffer);
mHandler.obtainMessage(weixinFragment.MESSAGE_WRITE, -1, -1, buffer).sendToTarget();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void cancel() {
try {
mmSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
(5)查询已配对设备
搜索蓝牙设备
public class DeviceList extends AppCompatActivity {
private View view;
private BluetoothAdapter mBtAdapter;
private ArrayAdapter<String> mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter;
private ArrayAdapter<String> mNewDevicesArrayAdapter;
public static String EXTRA_DEVICE_ADDRESS = "device_address"; //Mac地址
//定义广播接收者,用于处理扫描蓝牙设备后的结果
private final BroadcastReceiver mReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String action = intent.getAction();
if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)) {
BluetoothDevice device = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
if (device.getBondState() != BluetoothDevice.BOND_BONDED) {
mNewDevicesArrayAdapter.add(device.getName() + "\n" + device.getAddress());
}
} else if (BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_FINISHED.equals(action)) {
if (mNewDevicesArrayAdapter.getCount() == 0) {
String noDevices = getResources().getText(R.string.none_found).toString();
mNewDevicesArrayAdapter.add(noDevices);
}
}
}
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.device_list);
//在被调用活动里,设置返回结果码
setResult(Activity.RESULT_CANCELED);
init(); //活动界面
}
private void init() {
Button scanButton = findViewById(R.id.button_scan);
scanButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(DeviceList.this, R.string.scanning, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
doDiscovery(); //搜索蓝牙设备
}
});
/**********************************************/
mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.device_name);
mNewDevicesArrayAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.device_name);
//已配对蓝牙设备列表
ListView pairedListView =findViewById(R.id.paired_devices);
pairedListView.setAdapter(mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter);
//pairedListView.setOnItemClickListener(mPaireDeviceClickListener);
pairedListView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
mBtAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
String info = ((TextView) view).getText().toString();
String address = info.substring(info.length() - 17);
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DEVICE_ADDRESS, address); //Mac地址
setResult(Activity.RESULT_OK, intent);
finish();
}
});
//未配对蓝牙设备列表
ListView newDevicesListView = findViewById(R.id.new_devices);
newDevicesListView.setAdapter(mNewDevicesArrayAdapter);
newDevicesListView.setOnItemClickListener(mNewDeviceClickListener);
//动态注册广播接收者
IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND);
registerReceiver(mReceiver, filter);
filter = new IntentFilter(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_FINISHED);
registerReceiver(mReceiver, filter);
mBtAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
Set<BluetoothDevice> pairedDevices = mBtAdapter.getBondedDevices();
if (pairedDevices.size() > 0) {
findViewById(R.id.title_paired_devices).setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
for (BluetoothDevice device : pairedDevices) {
mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter.add(device.getName() + "\n" + device.getAddress());
}
} else {
String noDevices = getResources().getText(R.string.none_paired).toString();
mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter.add(noDevices);
}
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if (mBtAdapter != null) {
mBtAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
}
this.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);
}
private void doDiscovery() {
findViewById(R.id.title_new_devices).setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
if (mBtAdapter.isDiscovering()) {
mBtAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
}
mBtAdapter.startDiscovery(); //开始搜索蓝牙设备并产生广播
//startDiscovery是一个异步方法
//找到一个设备时就发送一个BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND的广播
}
private AdapterView.OnItemClickListener mPaireDeviceClickListener = new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
mBtAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
String info = ((TextView) view).getText().toString();
String address = info.substring(info.length() - 17);
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DEVICE_ADDRESS, address); //Mac地址
setResult(Activity.RESULT_OK, intent);
finish();
}
};
private AdapterView.OnItemClickListener mNewDeviceClickListener = new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> av, View v, int arg2, long arg3) {
mBtAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
Toast.makeText(DeviceList.this, "请在蓝牙设置界面手动连接设备",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_BLUETOOTH_SETTINGS);
startActivityForResult(intent,1);
}
};
//回调方法:进入蓝牙配对设置界面返回后执行
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
init(); //刷新好友列表
}
}
(6)Toolbar在Fragment中的使用
toolbar作为一个独立的控件,在Fragment中findViewById后直接调用toolbar自带的方法来处理menu显示点击问题即可,无需调用((AppCompatActivity) getActivity()).setSupportActionBar(toolbar)为fragment设置toolbar。
首先在Fragment的onCreate方法中设置setHasOptionsMenu(true);
setHasOptionsMenu(true);
然后加载菜单
mToolbar.inflateMenu(R.menu.market_menu);
最后设置菜单点击事件
toolbar.setOnMenuItemClickListener(new MyMenuItemClickListener());
选项菜单的单击事件处理
private class MyMenuItemClickListener implements Toolbar.OnMenuItemClickListener {
@Override
public boolean onMenuItemClick(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.scan:
//启动DeviceList这个Activity
Intent serverIntent = new Intent(getActivity(), DeviceList.class);
startActivityForResult(serverIntent, REQUEST_CONNECT_DEVICE);
return true;
case R.id.discoverable:
ensureDiscoverable();
return true;
case R.id.back:
getActivity().finish();
System.exit(0);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
(7)在使用ArrayAdapter时使用自己写的R.layout.device_name布局出现如下问题:
报错代码:
mPairedDevicesArrayAdapter = new ArrayAdapter(this, R.layout.device_name);
错误提示:
Caused by: java. lang. ClassCastException: android. widget. LinearLayout cannot be cast to android. widget. TextViewat android. widget. ArrayAdapter. createVi ewFromResource
解决:
将原本的.xml文件修改
原.xml文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="66dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="TextView"
android:textSize="30sp" />
</LinearLayout>
修改后:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TextView
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="66dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="TextView"
android:textSize="30sp" />