2022.7.25-内置函数close、len、cap解析

close

// The close built-in function closes a channel, which must be either
// bidirectional or send-only. It should be executed only by the sender,
// never the receiver, and has the effect of shutting down the channel after
// the last sent value is received. After the last value has been received
// from a closed channel c, any receive from c will succeed without
// blocking, returning the zero value for the channel element. The form
// x, ok := <-c
// will also set ok to false for a closed channel.
func close(c chan<- Type)

解析：内置函数close关闭一个信道，这个信道必须是双向的或仅发送的。它应该由发送端执行，而不是接收端。从一个已经关闭的信道里接收到最后一个值后，接收操作不会阻塞而是收到对应信道类型的零值。对一个已经被关闭且没有数据的信道，x, ok := <-c形式也将收到ok为false。

下列情况会出错：

1. 关闭仅能发送的信道

var ch = make(<-chan struct{}, 1)
close(ch)

2. 发送到或关闭一个已经关闭的信道

var ch = make(chan struct{}, 1)
close(ch)
ch <- struct{}{}

//panic: send on closed channel

var ch = make(chan struct{}, 1)
close(ch)
close(ch)

//panic: close of closed channel

3 . 关闭nil信道

var ch chan struct{}
close(ch)

//panic: close of nil channel

len

// The len built-in function returns the length of v, according to its type:
// Array: the number of elements in v.
// Pointer to array: the number of elements in *v (even if v is nil).
// Slice, or map: the number of elements in v; if v is nil, len(v) is zero.
// String: the number of bytes in v.
// Channel: the number of elements queued (unread) in the channel buffer;
// if v is nil, len(v) is zero.
// For some arguments, such as a string literal or a simple array expression, the
// result can be a constant. See the Go language specification’s “Length and
// capacity” section for details.
func len(v Type) int

解析为：内置函数len根据v的类型，返回v的长度：

v的类型	结果	备注
字符串类型	按字节表示的字符串长度
[n]T, *[n]T	数组长度（== n）	即使v为nil，也返回n
[]T	分片长度	如果v是nil，则返回0
map[K]T	映射长度（定义的键的个数）	如果v是nil，则返回0
chan T	在信道缓冲区内排队的元素个数	如果v是nil，则返回0

对于一些参数，例如字符串文本或简单的数组表达式，结果依然是一个常量。这种情况下，v是不求值的。

const AnyCell = 1

var y [][19]string
println(len(y[AnyCell]))

cap

// The cap built-in function returns the capacity of v, according to its type:
// Array: the number of elements in v (same as len(v)).
// Pointer to array: the number of elements in *v (same as len(v)).
// Slice: the maximum length the slice can reach when resliced;
// if v is nil, cap(v) is zero.
// Channel: the channel buffer capacity, in units of elements;
// if v is nil, cap(v) is zero.
// For some arguments, such as a simple array expression, the result can be a
// constant. See the Go language specification’s “Length and capacity” section for
// details.
func cap(v Type) int

解析：内置函数cap根据v的类型，返回v的容量。

v的类型	结果	备注
[n]T, *[n]T	数组长度（== n）	即使v为nil，也返回n
[]T	分配容量	如果v是nil，则返回0
chan T	信道缓冲区容量	如果v是nil，则返回0

对于一些参数，如如简单的数组表达式，结果也是一个常量。跟内置函数len相同。

分片的容量是为其底层数组所分配的空间所对应的元素个数。任何时间都满足如下关系：
0 <= len(s) <= cap(s)