Advanced modern algebra——Group 1
lemma 1
(Euclid’s Lemma) If a ∣ b c a|bc a∣bc and ( a , b ) = 1 (a,b)=1 (a,b)=1, then a ∣ c a|c a∣c
Proof: Since ( a , b ) = 1 (a,b)=1 (a,b)=1, there exists s , t ∈ N s,t\in\mathbb N s,t∈N such that a s + b t = 1 as+bt=1 as+bt=1. Hence, c = c ⋅ 1 = c ( a s + b t ) = a ( c s ) + t ( b c ) c=c\cdot 1=c(as+bt)=a(cs)+t(bc) c=c⋅1=c(as+bt)=a(cs)+t(bc). Since a ∣ a ( c s ) , a ∣ ( b c ) a|a(cs),a|(bc) a∣a(cs),a∣(bc), a ∣ c a|c a∣c.
lemma 2
If ( a , b ) = 1 (a,b)=1 (a,b)=1, then the equation a x ≡ c m o d b ax\equiv c ~\rm mod ~b ax≡c mod b is solvable.
Proof: Since ( a , b ) = 1 (a,b)=1 (a,b)=1, ∃ s , t ∈ N \exist s,t\in \mathbb N ∃s,t∈N, s.t. a s + b x = 1 as+bx=1 as+bx=1. Hence, a s c + b x c = c , asc+bxc=c, asc+bxc=c, b ∣ ( a ( s c ) − c ) b|(a(sc)-c) b∣(a(sc)−c), that is s c sc sc is a solution. In fact, all solutions are A : = { s c + b k ∣ k ∈ Z } A:=\{sc+bk|k\in\mathbb Z\} A:={sc+bk∣k∈Z}. Set B B B are the set of all solutions of the equation. It’s clear that A ⊂ B A\subset B A⊂B. Next we will show B ⊂ A B\subset A B⊂A. If x 0 x_0 x0 is a solution, then we get a x 0 ≡ c m o d b ax_0\equiv c~\rm mod~b ax0≡c mod b, b ∣ ( a x 0 − c ) b|(ax_0-c) b∣(ax0−c), hence b ∣ ( a x 0 − c ) + ( a s − c ) ⇒ b ∣ a ( x 0 − s ) b|(ax_0-c)+(as-c)\Rightarrow b|a(x_0-s) b∣(ax0−c)+(as−c)⇒b∣a(x0−s). Since ( b , a ) = 1 (b,a)=1 (b,a)=1, b ∣ ( x 0 − s ) b|(x_0-s) b∣(x0−s), by Euclid’s Lemma. There exists some k 0 k_0 k0 such that s + b k 0 = x 0 s+bk_0=x_0 s+bk0=x0, hence B ⊂ A B\subset A B⊂A, B = A B=A B=A.
Chinese Reminder’s Theorem
If ( m , m ′ ) = 1 (m,m')=1 (m,m′)=1, then x ≡ a m o d m x\equiv a ~\rm mod~m x≡a mod m and x ≡ b m o d m ′ x\equiv b ~\rm mod~m' x≡b mod m′ have solutions.
Proof: By lemma 2, the equation
x
≡
a
m
o
d
m
x\equiv a~\rm mod~m
x≡a mod m has solution
k
m
+
a
,
k
∈
Z
km+a,~k\in\mathbb Z
km+a, k∈Z. Insititude
k
m
+
a
km+a
km+a into
x
≡
b
m
o
d
m
′
x\equiv b~\rm mod~m'
x≡b mod m′, we get
k
m
+
a
≡
b
m
o
d
m
′
km+a\equiv b~\rm mod~m'
km+a≡b mod m′,
m
k
≡
b
−
a
m
o
d
m
′
mk\equiv b-a~\rm mod~m'
mk≡b−a mod m′ for some
k
k
k. Since
(
m
,
m
′
)
=
1
(m,m')=1
(m,m′)=1,
∃
k
0
∈
Z
\exists k_0\in\mathbb Z
∃k0∈Z, s.t.
m
k
0
≡
b
−
a
m
o
d
m
′
mk_0\equiv b-a~\rm mod~m'
mk0≡b−a mod m′. So
x
0
=
m
k
0
+
a
x_0=mk_0+a
x0=mk0+a is a solution of equations.
Assume that
y
y
y is also a solution of equation, then
{
y
≡
a
m
o
d
m
y
≡
b
m
o
d
m
′
\begin{cases}y\equiv a~\rm mod ~m\\y\equiv b~\rm mod ~m'\end{cases}
{y≡a mod my≡b mod m′, hence
{
y
−
x
0
≡
0
m
o
d
m
y
−
x
0
≡
0
m
o
d
m
′
\begin{cases}y-x_0\equiv 0~\rm mod ~m\\y-x_0\equiv 0~\rm mod ~m'\end{cases}
{y−x0≡0 mod my−x0≡0 mod m′
Since
m
∣
(
y
−
x
0
)
,
m
′
∣
(
y
−
x
0
)
,
(
m
,
m
′
)
=
1
m|(y-x_0),~m'|(y-x_0),~(m,m')=1
m∣(y−x0), m′∣(y−x0), (m,m′)=1, we have
m
m
′
∣
(
y
−
x
0
)
(
∗
)
mm'|(y-x_0)(*)
mm′∣(y−x0)(∗).
So
∃
l
∈
Z
\exists l\in\mathbb Z
∃l∈Z,
y
−
x
0
=
l
m
m
′
,
y
=
x
0
+
l
m
m
′
y-x_0=lmm',~y=x_0+lmm'
y−x0=lmm′, y=x0+lmm′. Set
X
:
=
{
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
}
X:=\{\rm solutions~of~equations\}
X:={solutions of equations},
Y
:
=
{
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
∣
l
∈
Z
}
Y:=\{x_0+mm'l|l\in\mathbb Z\}
Y:={x0+mm′l∣l∈Z}. Now we have got
X
⊂
Y
X\subset Y
X⊂Y, next we show
Y
⊂
X
Y\subset X
Y⊂X.
∀
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
\forall x_0+mm'l
∀x0+mm′l,
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
≡
x
0
m
o
d
m
x_0+mm'l\equiv x_0~\rm mod~m
x0+mm′l≡x0 mod m,
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
≡
x
0
m
o
d
m
′
x_0+mm'l\equiv x_0~\rm mod~m'
x0+mm′l≡x0 mod m′. Hence,
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
x_0+mm'l
x0+mm′l is also a solution for any
l
∈
Z
l\in\mathbb Z
l∈Z,
Y
⊂
X
Y\subset X
Y⊂X, furthermore
X
=
Y
X=Y
X=Y. Hence the solution of equations is
{
x
0
+
m
m
′
l
∣
l
∈
Z
}
\{x_0+mm'l|l\in\mathbb Z\}
{x0+mm′l∣l∈Z}.
proof of ( ∗ ) (*) (∗): For m ∣ ( y − x 0 ) m|(y-x_0) m∣(y−x0), ∃ u ∈ Z \exists u\in\mathbb Z ∃u∈Z, s.t. y − x 0 = m u y-x_0=mu y−x0=mu. Since m ′ ∣ ( y − x 0 ) m'|(y-x_0) m′∣(y−x0), m ′ ∣ m u m'|mu m′∣mu. Hence, m ′ ∣ u m'|u m′∣u, by Euclid’s lemma. Hence, m m ′ ∣ m u = y − x 0 mm'|mu=y-x_0 mm′∣mu=y−x0.
An application of Chinese Remainder’s Theorem
Chinese Remainder’s Theorem is the key of the proof of the following statement:
If
(
m
,
n
)
=
1
(m,n)=1
(m,n)=1, then
Z
m
n
≅
Z
m
×
Z
n
\mathbb Z_{mn}\cong \mathbb Z_m\times\mathbb Z_n
Zmn≅Zm×Zn.
The detail will be ignored. Construct a map
ϕ
:
Z
→
Z
m
×
Z
n
,
a
↦
(
[
a
]
m
,
[
a
]
n
)
\phi: \mathbb Z\to \mathbb Z_m\times\mathbb Z_n, a\mapsto([a]_m,[a]_n)
ϕ:Z→Zm×Zn,a↦([a]m,[a]n). In fact,
ϕ
\phi
ϕ is a bijection. Chinese Remainder’s theorem assures its surjection.
∀
a
,
b
∈
Z
\forall a,b\in\mathbb Z
∀a,b∈Z, we want to find a
x
x
x such that
{
x
≡
a
m
o
d
m
x
≡
b
m
o
d
n
\begin{cases} x\equiv a~\rm mod ~m\\ x\equiv b~\rm mod ~n \end{cases}
{x≡a mod mx≡b mod n
Since
(
m
,
n
)
=
1
(m,n)=1
(m,n)=1, by Chinese Remainder’s theorem, the equations have solutions, such as
x
0
x_0
x0,
[
x
0
]
m
n
↦
(
[
x
0
]
m
,
[
x
0
]
n
)
=
(
[
a
]
m
,
[
b
]
n
)
[x_0]_{mn}\mapsto([x_0]_m,[x_0]_n)=([a]_m,[b]_n)
[x0]mn↦([x0]m,[x0]n)=([a]m,[b]n).