这里手动实现了一个卷积神经网络进行 MNIST 手写字符识别，手动实现了神经网络的 forward 与 backward 过程。
MNIST 数据集共包含 60000 张图片，每张图片大小为 28x28x1 的灰度图。
本项目中所用到的数据为存放在名为 data 的文件夹中的 images_train.csv, images_test.csv, labels_train.csv, labels_test.csv。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
MAX_POOL_SIZE = 5
CONVOLUTION_SIZE = 4
CONVOLUTION_FILTERS = 2
def forward_softmax(x):
"""
Compute softmax function for a single example.
The shape of the input is of size # num classes.
Important Note: You must be careful to avoid overflow for this function. Functions
like softmax have a tendency to overflow when very large numbers like e^10000 are computed.
You will know that your function is overflow resistent when it can handle input like:
np.array([[10000, 10010, 10]]) without issues.
Args:
x: A 1d numpy float array of shape number_of_classes
Returns:
A 1d numpy float array containing the softmax results of shape number_of_classes
"""
x = x - np.max(x,axis=0)
exp = np.exp(x)
s = exp / np.sum(exp,axis=0)
return s
def backward_softmax(x, grad_outputs):
"""
Compute the gradient of the loss with respect to x.
grad_outputs is the gradient of the loss with respect to the outputs of the softmax.
Args:
x: A 1d numpy float array of shape number_of_classes
grad_outputs: A 1d numpy flaot array of shape number_of_classes
Returns:
A 1d numpy float array of the same shape as x with the derivative of the loss with respect to x
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
return forward_softmax(x) - 1.0 * (grad_outputs!=0)
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_relu(x):
"""
Compute the relu function for the input x.
Args:
x: A numpy float array
Returns:
A numpy float array containing the relu results
"""
x[x<=0] = 0
return x
def backward_relu(x, grad_outputs):
"""
Compute the gradient of the loss with respect to x
Args:
x: A numpy array of arbitrary shape containing the input.
grad_outputs: A numpy array of the same shape of x containing the gradient of the loss with respect
to the output of relu
Returns:
A numpy array of the same shape as x containing the gradients with respect to x.
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
grad_outputs[x<=0] = 0
return grad_outputs
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def get_initial_params():
"""
Compute the initial parameters for the neural network.
This function should return a dictionary mapping parameter names to numpy arrays containing
the initial values for those parameters.
There should be four parameters for this model:
W1 is the weight matrix for the convolutional layer
b1 is the bias vector for the convolutional layer
W2 is the weight matrix for the output layers
b2 is the bias vector for the output layer
Weight matrices should be initialized with values drawn from a random normal distribution.
The mean of that distribution should be 0.
The variance of that distribution should be 1/sqrt(n) where n is the number of neurons that
feed into an output for that layer.
Bias vectors should be initialized with zero.
Returns:
A dict mapping parameter names to numpy arrays
"""
size_after_convolution = 28 - CONVOLUTION_SIZE + 1
size_after_max_pooling = size_after_convolution // MAX_POOL_SIZE
num_hidden = size_after_max_pooling * size_after_max_pooling * CONVOLUTION_FILTERS
return {
'W1': np.random.normal(size = (CONVOLUTION_FILTERS, 1, CONVOLUTION_SIZE, CONVOLUTION_SIZE), scale=1/ math.sqrt(CONVOLUTION_SIZE * CONVOLUTION_SIZE)),
'b1': np.zeros(CONVOLUTION_FILTERS),
'W2': np.random.normal(size = (num_hidden, 10), scale = 1/ math.sqrt(num_hidden)),
'b2': np.zeros(10)
}
def forward_convolution(conv_W, conv_b, data):
"""
Compute the output from a convolutional layer given the weights and data.
conv_W is of the shape (# output channels, # input channels, convolution width, convolution height )
conv_b is of the shape (# output channels)
data is of the shape (# input channels, width, height)
The output should be the result of a convolution and should be of the size:
(# output channels, width - convolution width + 1, height - convolution height + 1)
Returns:
The output of the convolution as a numpy array
"""
conv_channels, _, conv_width, conv_height = conv_W.shape
input_channels, input_width, input_height = data.shape
output = np.zeros((conv_channels, input_width - conv_width + 1, input_height - conv_height + 1))
for x in range(input_width - conv_width + 1):
for y in range(input_height - conv_height + 1):
for output_channel in range(conv_channels):
output[output_channel, x, y] = np.sum(
np.multiply(data[:, x:(x + conv_width), y:(y + conv_height)], conv_W[output_channel, :, :, :])) + conv_b[output_channel]
return output
def backward_convolution(conv_W, conv_b, data, output_grad):
"""
Compute the gradient of the loss with respect to the parameters of the convolution.
See forward_convolution for the sizes of the arguments.
output_grad is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolution.
Returns:
A tuple containing 3 gradients.
The first element is the gradient of the loss with respect to the convolution weights
The second element is the gradient of the loss with respect to the convolution bias
The third element is the gradient of the loss with respect to the input data
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
grad_bias = output_grad.sum(axis=(1, 2))
conv_channels, _, conv_width, conv_height = conv_W.shape
input_channels, input_width, input_height = data.shape
grad_weights = np.zeros(conv_W.shape)
grad_data = np.zeros(data.shape)
for x in range(conv_width):
for y in range(conv_height):
for output_channel in range(conv_channels):
grad_weights[output_channel, :, :, :] += output_grad[output_channel, x, y] * data[:, x:(x + conv_width), y:(y + conv_height)]
grad_data[:, x:(x + conv_width), y:(y + conv_height)] += output_grad[output_channel, x, y] * conv_W[output_channel, :, :, :]
return grad_weights, grad_bias, grad_data
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_max_pool(data, pool_width, pool_height):
"""
Compute the output from a max pooling layer given the data and pool dimensions.
The stride length should be equal to the pool size
data is of the shape (# channels, width, height)
The output should be the result of the max pooling layer and should be of size:
(# channels, width // pool_width, height // pool_height)
Returns:
The result of the max pooling layer
"""
input_channels, input_width, input_height = data.shape
output = np.zeros((input_channels, input_width // pool_width, input_height // pool_height))
for x in range(0, input_width, pool_width):
for y in range(0, input_height, pool_height):
output[:, x // pool_width, y // pool_height] = np.amax(data[:, x:(x + pool_width), y:(y + pool_height)], axis=(1, 2))
return output
def backward_max_pool(data, pool_width, pool_height, output_grad):
"""
Compute the gradient of the loss with respect to the data in the max pooling layer.
data is of the shape (# channels, width, height)
output_grad is of shape (# channels, width // pool_width, height // pool_height)
output_grad is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the backward max
pool layer.
Returns:
The gradient of the loss with respect to the data (of same shape as data)
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
grad_data = np.zeros(data.shape)
input_channels, input_width, input_height = data.shape
for i in range(input_channels):
for x in range(0, input_width, pool_width):
for y in range(0, input_height, pool_height):
data_temp = data[i, x:(x + pool_width), y:(y + pool_height)]
grad_data[i, x:(x + pool_width), y:(y + pool_height)][np.unravel_index(data_temp.argmax(), data_temp.shape)] = output_grad[i, x // pool_width, y // pool_height]
return grad_data
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_cross_entropy_loss(probabilities, labels):
"""
Compute the output from a cross entropy loss layer given the probabilities and labels.
probabilities is of the shape (# classes)
labels is of the shape (# classes)
The output should be a scalar
Returns:
The result of the log loss layer
"""
result = 0
for i, label in enumerate(labels):
if label == 1:
result += -np.log(probabilities[i])
return result
def backward_cross_entropy_loss(probabilities, labels):
"""
Compute the gradient of the cross entropy loss with respect to the probabilities.
probabilities is of the shape (# classes)
labels is of the shape (# classes)
The output should be the gradient with respect to the probabilities.
Returns:
The gradient of the loss with respect to the probabilities.
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
return -labels / probabilities
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_linear(weights, bias, data):
"""
Compute the output from a linear layer with the given weights, bias and data.
weights is of the shape (input # features, output # features)
bias is of the shape (output # features)
data is of the shape (input # features)
The output should be of the shape (output # features)
Returns:
The result of the linear layer
"""
return data.dot(weights) + bias
def backward_linear(weights, bias, data, output_grad):
"""
Compute the gradients of the loss with respect to the parameters of a linear layer.
See forward_linear for information about the shapes of the variables.
output_grad is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of this layer.
This should return a tuple with three elements:
- The gradient of the loss with respect to the weights
- The gradient of the loss with respect to the bias
- The gradient of the loss with respect to the data
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
return (data.reshape(-1, 1) @ output_grad.reshape(1, -1), output_grad, (weights @ output_grad.reshape(-1, 1)))
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_prop(data, labels, params):
"""
Implement the forward layer given the data, labels, and params.
Args:
data: A numpy array containing the input (shape is 1 by 28 by 28)
labels: A 1d numpy array containing the labels (shape is 10)
params: A dictionary mapping parameter names to numpy arrays with the parameters.
This numpy array will contain W1, b1, W2 and b2
W1 and b1 represent the weights and bias for the hidden layer of the network
W2 and b2 represent the weights and bias for the output layer of the network
Returns:
A 2 element tuple containing:
1. A numpy array The output (after the softmax) of the output layer
2. The average loss for these data elements
"""
W1 = params['W1']
b1 = params['b1']
W2 = params['W2']
b2 = params['b2']
first_convolution = forward_convolution(W1, b1, data)
first_max_pool = forward_max_pool(first_convolution, MAX_POOL_SIZE, MAX_POOL_SIZE)
first_after_relu = forward_relu(first_max_pool)
flattened = np.reshape(first_after_relu, (-1))
logits = forward_linear(W2, b2, flattened)
y = forward_softmax(logits)
cost = forward_cross_entropy_loss(y, labels)
return y, cost
def backward_prop(data, labels, params):
"""
Implement the backward propegation gradient computation step for a neural network
Args:
data: A numpy array containing the input for a single example
labels: A 1d numpy array containing the labels for a single example
params: A dictionary mapping parameter names to numpy arrays with the parameters.
This numpy array will contain W1, b1, W2, and b2
W1 and b1 represent the weights and bias for the convolutional layer
W2 and b2 represent the weights and bias for the output layer of the network
Returns:
A dictionary of strings to numpy arrays where each key represents the name of a weight
and the values represent the gradient of the loss with respect to that weight.
In particular, it should have 4 elements:
W1, W2, b1, and b2
"""
# *** START CODE HERE ***
W1 = params['W1']
b1 = params['b1']
W2 = params['W2']
b2 = params['b2']
first_convolution = forward_convolution(W1, b1, data)
first_max_pool = forward_max_pool(first_convolution, MAX_POOL_SIZE, MAX_POOL_SIZE)
first_after_relu = forward_relu(first_max_pool)
flattened = np.reshape(first_after_relu, (-1))
logits = forward_linear(W2, b2, flattened)
y = forward_softmax(logits)
grad_cross_entropy = backward_cross_entropy_loss(y, labels)
grad_softmax = backward_softmax(logits, grad_cross_entropy)
grad_W2, grad_b2, grad_logits = backward_linear(W2, b2, flattened, grad_softmax)
grad_relu = backward_relu(first_max_pool, grad_logits.reshape(first_max_pool.shape))
grad_max_pool = backward_max_pool(first_convolution, MAX_POOL_SIZE, MAX_POOL_SIZE, grad_relu)
grad_W1, grad_b1, grad_convolution = backward_convolution(W1, b1, data, grad_max_pool)
return {
'W1': grad_W1,
'b1': grad_b1,
'W2': grad_W2,
'b2': grad_b2
}
# *** END CODE HERE ***
def forward_prop_batch(batch_data, batch_labels, params, forward_prop_func):
"""Apply the forward prop func to every image in a batch"""
y_array = []
cost_array = []
for item, label in zip(batch_data, batch_labels):
y, cost = forward_prop_func(item, label, params)
y_array.append(y)
cost_array.append(cost)
return np.array(y_array), np.array(cost_array)
def gradient_descent_batch(batch_data, batch_labels, learning_rate, params, backward_prop_func):
"""
Perform one batch of gradient descent on the given training data using the provided learning rate.
This code should update the parameters stored in params.
It should not return anything
Args:
batch_data: A numpy array containing the training data for the batch
train_labels: A numpy array containing the training labels for the batch
learning_rate: The learning rate
params: A dict of parameter names to parameter values that should be updated.
backward_prop_func: A function that follows the backwards_prop API
Returns: This function returns nothing.
"""
total_grad = {}
for i in range(batch_data.shape[0]):
grad = backward_prop_func(
batch_data[i, :, :],
batch_labels[i, :],
params)
for key, value in grad.items():
if key not in total_grad:
total_grad[key] = np.zeros(value.shape)
total_grad[key] += value
params['W1'] = params['W1'] - learning_rate * total_grad['W1']
params['W2'] = params['W2'] - learning_rate * total_grad['W2']
params['b1'] = params['b1'] - learning_rate * total_grad['b1']
params['b2'] = params['b2'] - learning_rate * total_grad['b2']
# This function does not return anything
return
def nn_train(
train_data, train_labels, dev_data, dev_labels,
get_initial_params_func, forward_prop_func, backward_prop_func,
learning_rate=5, batch_size=16, num_batches=400):
m = train_data.shape[0]
params = get_initial_params_func()
cost_dev = []
accuracy_dev = []
for batch in range(num_batches):
print('Currently processing {} / {}'.format(batch, num_batches))
batch_data = train_data[batch * batch_size:(batch + 1) * batch_size, :, :, :]
batch_labels = train_labels[batch * batch_size: (batch + 1) * batch_size, :]
if batch % 100 == 0:
output, cost = forward_prop_batch(dev_data, dev_labels, params, forward_prop_func)
cost_dev.append(sum(cost) / len(cost))
accuracy_dev.append(compute_accuracy(output, dev_labels))
print('Cost and accuracy', cost_dev[-1], accuracy_dev[-1])
gradient_descent_batch(batch_data, batch_labels,
learning_rate, params, backward_prop_func)
return params, cost_dev, accuracy_dev
def nn_test(data, labels, params):
output, cost = forward_prop(data, labels, params)
accuracy = compute_accuracy(output, labels)
return accuracy
def compute_accuracy(output, labels):
correct_output = np.argmax(output,axis=1)
correct_labels = np.argmax(labels,axis=1)
is_correct = [a == b for a,b in zip(correct_output, correct_labels)]
accuracy = sum(is_correct) * 1. / labels.shape[0]
return accuracy
def one_hot_labels(labels):
one_hot_labels = np.zeros((labels.size, 10))
one_hot_labels[np.arange(labels.size),labels.astype(int)] = 1
return one_hot_labels
def read_data(images_file, labels_file):
x = np.loadtxt(images_file, delimiter=',')
y = np.loadtxt(labels_file, delimiter=',')
x = np.reshape(x, (x.shape[0], 1, 28, 28))
return x, y
def run_train(all_data, all_labels, backward_prop_func):
params, cost_dev, accuracy_dev = nn_train(
all_data['train'], all_labels['train'],
all_data['dev'], all_labels['dev'],
get_initial_params, forward_prop, backward_prop_func,
learning_rate=1e-2, batch_size=16, num_batches=400
)
t = np.arange(400 // 100)
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1)
ax1.plot(t, cost_dev, 'b')
ax1.set_xlabel('time')
ax1.set_ylabel('loss')
ax1.set_title('Training curve')
ax2.plot(t, accuracy_dev, 'b')
ax2.set_xlabel('time')
ax2.set_ylabel('accuracy')
fig.savefig('output/train.pdf')
def main():
np.random.seed(100)
train_data, train_labels = read_data('../data/images_train.csv', '../data/labels_train.csv')
train_labels = one_hot_labels(train_labels)
p = np.random.permutation(60000)
train_data = train_data[p,:]
train_labels = train_labels[p,:]
dev_data = train_data[0:400,:]
dev_labels = train_labels[0:400,:]
train_data = train_data[400:,:]
train_labels = train_labels[400:,:]
mean = np.mean(train_data)
std = np.std(train_data)
train_data = (train_data - mean) / std
dev_data = (dev_data - mean) / std
all_data = {
'train': train_data,
'dev': dev_data,
}
all_labels = {
'train': train_labels,
'dev': dev_labels,
}
run_train(all_data, all_labels, backward_prop)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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