- 线性支持向量机的使用
- 弱化线性回归
- Tensorflow上核函数的使用
- Tensirflow实现非线性支持向量机
- Tensorflow实现多分类支持向量机
4.1线性支持向量机的使用
什么是支持向量机算法？
支持向量机算法是一种二分类算法。其基本观点是找到两类直接按的一个线性可分的直线（或者超平面）。首先完成假设二分类目标是-1或者1.代替前面章节中的0或者1目标值。有许多条直线可以分割两类目标，但是我们定义分割两类目标有最大距离的直线作为最佳直线分类器
为了在Tensorflow上实现一个softmargin支持向量机，系哟啊实现特殊的损失函数，公式如下
其中A是斜率向量，b时截距，xi是输入下向量，yi是实际分类(-1或者1).a是软分类器的正则函数
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还是使用iris数据集，导入相关的编程库
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf from sklearn import datasets -
创建会话，加载数据集
sess = tf.Session() iris = datasets.load_iris() x_vals = np.array([[x[0], x[3]] for x in iris.data]) y_vals = np.array([1 if y==0 else -1 for y in iris.target ]) -
分割数据集未训练集和测试集
train_indices = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), round(len(x_vals)*0.8), replace=False) test_indices = np.array(list(set(range(len(x_vals))) - set(train_indices))) x_vals_train = x_vals[train_indices] x_vals_test = x_vals[test_indices] y_vals_train = y_vals[train_indices] y_vals_test = y_vals[test_indices] -
设置批处理大小，声明占位符和变量，以及模型变量
bathc_size = 25 x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) A = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[2, 1])) b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, 1])) -
声明模型输出
model_output = tf.subtract(tf.matmul(x_data, A), b) -
声明损失函数
l2_norm = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(A)) alpha = tf.constant([0.1]) classification_term = tf.reduce_mean(tf.maximum(0., tf.subtract(1., tf.multiply(model_output, y_target)))) loss = tf.add(classification_term, tf.multiply(alpha, l2_norm)) -
声明预测函数和准确度函数
prediction = tf.sign(model_output) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(prediction, y_target), tf.float32)) -
声明优化器函数，初始化模型
my_optimize = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01) train_step = my_optimize.minimize(loss) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) -
遍历迭代模型
loss_vec = [] train_accuracy = [] test_accuracy = [] for i in range(2000): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals_train), size=bathc_size) rand_x = x_vals_train[rand_index] rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals_train[rand_index]]) sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) temp_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) loss_vec.append(temp_loss) train_acc_temp = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x_data:x_vals_train, y_target:np.transpose([y_vals_train])}) train_accuracy.append(train_acc_temp) test_acc_temp = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x_data:x_vals_test, y_target:np.transpose([y_vals_test])}) test_accuracy.append(test_acc_temp) if(i+1)%50==0: print("Step #" + str(i+1) + " A = "+ str(sess.run(A)) + " b = " + str(sess.run(b))) print("Loss = "+ str(temp_loss)) -
抽离系数绘制图像
[[a1], [a2]] = sess.run(A) [[b]] = sess.run(b) slope = -a2/a1 y_intercept = b/a1 x1_vals = [d[1] for d in x_vals] best_fit = [] for i in x1_vals: best_fit.append(slope*i+y_intercept) setosa_x = [d[1] for i,d in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] setosa_y = [d[0] for i,d in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] not_setosa_x = [d[1] for i,d in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] not_setosa_y = [d[0] for i,d in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] # 线性支持向量机拟合 plt.plot(setosa_x, setosa_y, 'o', label='I. setosa') plt.plot(not_setosa_x, not_setosa_y, 'x', label='Non - setosa') plt.plot(x1_vals, best_fit, 'r-', label='Linear Separator', linewidth=3) plt.ylim([0, 10]) plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.title('Sepal Length vs Petal Width') plt.xlabel('Petal Width') plt.ylabel('Sepal Length') plt.show() # 测试集和训练集得到的拟合曲线 plt.plot(train_accuracy, 'k-', label='Training Accuracy') plt.plot(test_accuracy, 'r--', label='Test Accuracy') plt.title("Train an Test Set Accuracies") plt.xlabel('Generation') plt.ylabel('Accuracy') plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.show() # 损失图线 plt.plot(loss_vec, 'k-') plt.title('Loss per Generation') plt.xlabel('Generation') plt.ylabel("Loss") plt.show()
4.2弱化为线性回归
支持向量机可以用来拟合线性回归
相同的最大间隔概念应用到线性回归上。代替最大化分割两类的目标是，最大化分割包含大部分的数据点(x,y)。使用鸢尾花的花萼长度与花瓣宽度之间的线性拟合，
相关的损失函数类似于
这里的ε是间隔宽度的一半。这意味着如果一个数据点在该区域，则损失等于0。
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导入相关的外部库，加载数据，划分数据集
sess = tf.Session() iris = datasets.load_iris() x_vals = np.array([x[3] for x in iris.data]) y_vals = np.array([y[0] for y in iris.data]) train_indices = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), round(len(x_vals)*0.8), replace=False) test_indices = np.array(list(set(range(len(x_vals))) - set(train_indices))) x_vals_train = x_vals[train_indices] x_vals_test = x_vals[test_indices] y_vals_train = y_vals[train_indices] y_vals_test = y_vals[test_indices] -
声明变量和占位符，批处理大小，创建线性模型
batch_size = 25 x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) A = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, 1])) b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, 1])) model_out = tf.add(tf.matmul(x_data, A), b) -
声明损失函数
eplison = tf.constant([0.5]) loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.maximum(0., tf.subtract(tf.abs(tf.subtract(model_out, y_target)), eplison))) -
创建优化器，初始化变量
my_optiizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.075) train_step = my_optiizer.minimize(loss) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) -
迭代计算
train_loss = [] test_loss = [] for i in range(200): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals_train), size=batch_size) rand_x = np.transpose([x_vals_train[rand_index]]) rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals_train[rand_index]]) sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) temp_train_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data:np.transpose([x_vals_train]), y_target:np.transpose([y_vals_train])}) train_loss.append(temp_train_loss) temp_test_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data:np.transpose([x_vals_test]), y_target:np.transpose([y_vals_test])}) test_loss.append(temp_test_loss) if (i+1)%25==0: print("Setp #" + str(i+1) + " A = "+ str(sess.run(A)) + " b = " + str(sess.run(b))) print("Tarin Loss = " + str(temp_train_loss)) print("Test Loss = " +str(temp_test_loss))
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抽离系数，绘制图像
[[slope]] = sess.run(A) [[y_intercept]] = sess.run(b) [width] = sess.run(eplison) best_fit = [] best_fit_upper = [] best_fit_lower = [] for i in x_vals: best_fit.append(slope*i+y_intercept) best_fit_upper.append(slope*i+y_intercept + width) best_fit_lower.append(slope*i+y_intercept - width) plt.plot(x_vals, y_vals, 'o', label='Data Posints') plt.plot(x_vals, best_fit, 'r-', label='SVM Regression Line', linewidth=3) plt.plot(x_vals, best_fit_upper, 'r--', linewidth=2) plt.plot(x_vals, best_fit_lower, 'r--', linewidth=2) plt.ylim([0, 10]) plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.title('Sepal Length vs Petal Width') plt.xlabel('Petal Width') plt.ylabel('Sepal Length') plt.show() plt.plot(train_loss, 'k-', label='Training Set Loss') plt.plot(test_loss, 'r--', label='Test Set Loss') plt.title("L2 Loss per Generation") plt.xlabel('Generation') plt.ylabel('L2 Loss') plt.legend(loc='upper right') plt.show()
4.3Tensorflow上核函数的使用
对于上节中的SVM算法可以线性分割数据集，器页可以分割非线性数据集，方法是改变SVM损失函数中的核函数
本节中将生成两个同心圆数据集，分别使用线性核非线性来进行分割数据集
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导入模块，创建会话图
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops ops.reset_default_graph() sess = tf.Session() -
生成模拟数据
(x_vals, y_vals) = datasets.make_circles(n_samples=500, factor=.5, noise=.1) y_vals = np.array([1 if y==1 else -1 for y in y_vals]) class1_x = [x[0] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] class1_y = [x[1] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] class2_x = [x[0] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] class2_y = [x[1] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] -
声明批处理大小，占位符，创建按模型变量
batch_size = 500 x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) prediction_grid = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, batch_size])) -
创建高斯核函数
gamma = tf.constant(-50.0) dist = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(x_data), 1) dist = tf.reshape(dist, [-1, 1]) sq_dists = tf.add(tf.subtract(dist, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(x_data)))),tf.transpose(dist)) my_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(sq_dists))) -
创建损失函数
model_output = tf.matmul(b, my_kernel) first_term = tf.reduce_sum(b) b_vec_cross = tf.matmul(tf.transpose(b), b) y_target_cross = tf.matmul(y_target, tf.transpose(y_target)) second_term = tf.reduce_sum(tf.multiply(my_kernel, tf.multiply(b_vec_cross, y_target_cross))) loss = tf.negative(tf.subtract(first_term, second_term)) -
创建预测函数和精确度函数
rA = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(x_data), 1), [-1, 1]) rB = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(prediction_grid), 1), [-1, 1]) pred_sq_dist = tf.add(tf.subtract(rA, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(prediction_grid)))), tf.transpose(rB)) pred_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(pred_sq_dist))) prediction_output = tf.matmul(tf.multiply(tf.transpose(y_target), b),pred_kernel) prediction = tf.sign(prediction_output - tf.reduce_mean(prediction_output)) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(tf.squeeze(prediction), tf.squeeze(y_target)), tf.float32)) -
创建优化器，初始化变量
my_optimize = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.001) train_step = my_optimize.minimize(loss) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) -
迭代计算
loss_vec = [] batch_accuracy = [] for i in range(500): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), size=batch_size) rand_x = x_vals[rand_index] rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals[rand_index]]) sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data: rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) temp_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) loss_vec.append(temp_loss) acc_temp = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y, prediction_grid:rand_x}) batch_accuracy.append(acc_temp) if(i+1)%100==0: print("Step #" + str(i+1)) print("Loss = " + str(temp_loss)) -
绘制图像
x_min, x_max = x_vals[:, 0].min() - 1, x_vals[:, 0].max() + 1 y_min, y_max = x_vals[:, 1].min() -1, x_vals[:, 1].max() + 1 xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, 0.02), np.arange(y_min, y_max, 0.02)) grid_points = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()] [grid_predictions] = sess.run(prediction, feed_dict={x_data:x_vals, y_target:np.transpose([y_vals]), prediction_grid:grid_points}) grid_predictions = grid_predictions.reshape(xx.shape) plt.contourf(xx, yy, grid_predictions, cmap=plt.cm.Paired, alpha=0.8) plt.plot(class1_x, class1_y, 'ro', label='Class 1') plt.plot(class2_x, class2_y, 'kx', label='Class -1') plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.ylim([-1.5, 1.5]) plt.xlim([-1.5, 1.5]) plt.show() plt.plot(batch_accuracy, 'k-', label='Accuracy') plt.title("Batch Accuracy") plt.xlabel("Generation") plt.ylabel("Accuracy") plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.show() plt.plot(loss_vec, 'k-') plt.title("Loss per Generation") plt.xlabel('Generation') plt.ylabel("Loss") plt.show()
4.4用Tensorflow实现非线性支持向量机
使用非线性核函数来分割数据集，将使用上节实现的高斯核函数SVM开分割真实数据集iris，创建一个山鸢尾花（I.setosa)的分类器
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导入模块，创建会话
import tensorflow as tf from sklearn import datasets import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt sess = tf.Session() -
加载数据集，分割数据集
iris = datasets.load_iris() x_vals = np.array([[x[0], x[3]] for x in iris.data]) y_vals = np.array([1 if y==0 else -1 for y in iris.target]) class1_x = [x[0] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] class1_y = [x[1] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == 1] class2_x = [x[0] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] class2_y = [x[1] for i,x in enumerate(x_vals) if y_vals[i] == -1] -
声明批量大小，占位符，模型变量
batch_size = 150 x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) prediction_grid = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, batch_size])) -
声明高斯核函数
gamma = tf.constant(-10.0) dist = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(x_data), 1) dist = tf.reshape(dist, [-1, 1]) sq_dists = tf.add(tf.subtract(dist, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(x_data)))), tf.transpose(dist)) my_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(sq_dists))) model_output = tf.matmul(b, my_kernel) first_term = tf.reduce_sum(b) b_vec_cross = tf.matmul(tf.transpose(b), b) y_target_cross = tf.matmul(y_target, tf.transpose(y_target)) second_term = tf.reduce_sum(tf.multiply(my_kernel, tf.multiply(b_vec_cross, y_target_cross))) loss = tf.negative(tf.subtract(first_term, second_term)) -
声明预测核函数，准确度函数
rA = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(x_data), 1), [-1, 1]) rB = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(prediction_grid), 1), [-1, 1]) pred_sq_dist = tf.add(tf.subtract(rA, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(prediction_grid)))), tf.transpose(rB)) pred_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(pred_sq_dist))) prediction_output = tf.matmul(tf.multiply(tf.transpose(y_target), b), pred_kernel) prediction = tf.sign(prediction_output - tf.reduce_mean(prediction_output)) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(tf.squeeze(prediction), tf.squeeze(y_target)), tf.float32)) -
声明优化器，初始化变量
my_optimize = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01) train_step = my_optimize.minimize(loss) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) -
迭代训练
loss_vec = [] batch_accuracy = [] for i in range(1500): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), size=batch_size) rand_x = x_vals[rand_index] rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals[rand_index]]) sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) temp_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y}) loss_vec.append(temp_loss) acc_temp = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x,y_target:rand_y, prediction_grid:rand_x}) batch_accuracy.append(acc_temp) if(i+1)%50==0: print("Step #" + str(i+1)) print("Loss = "+ str(temp_loss)) -
创建网格
x_min, x_max = x_vals[:, 0].min() - 1, x_vals[:, 0].max() + 1 y_min, y_max = x_vals[:, 1].min() -1, x_vals[:, 1].max() + 1 xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, 0.02), np.arange(y_min, y_max, 0.02)) grid_points = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()] [grid_predictions] = sess.run(prediction, feed_dict={x_data:x_vals, y_target:np.transpose([y_vals]), prediction_grid:grid_points}) grid_predictions = grid_predictions.reshape(xx.shape) -
绘制图像
plt.contourf(xx, yy, grid_predictions, cmap=plt.cm.Paired, alpha=0.8) plt.plot(class1_x, class1_y, 'ro', label="I.setosa") plt.plot(class2_x, class2_y, 'kx', label='Non-setosa') plt.xlabel("Petal Length") plt.ylabel("Sepal Width") plt.legend(loc='lower right') plt.ylim([-0.5, 3.0]) plt.xlim([4, 8]) plt.show()
4.5用Tensorflow实现多分类支持向量机
SVM算法最初是伪类解决二分类问题来进行设计的，但是也可以通过一些策略进行多分类；主要的策略就是一对多和一对一
一对一:在任意两类样本之间设计创建一个二值分类器，然后的票最多的类别就为该位置样本的预测类别，当时当列别很多的时候，就必须创建n！/(n-2)!2!个分类器，计算代价还是相当大的
一对多:为每类创建一个分类器。最后的预测类别是具有最大SVM间隔的类别。
本节将使用一对多的策略。
对于iris数据集，有三个类别山鸢尾，变色原为和维吉尼亚原为，需要创建三个高斯核函数SVM来预测
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导入库，声明计算图
import tensorflow as tf from sklearn import datasets import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt sess = tf.Session() -
加载数据，分离每类中的目标值
iris = datasets.load_iris() x_vals = np.array([[x[0], x[3]] for x in iris.data]) y_vals1 = np.array([1 if y == 0 else -1 for y in iris.target]) y_vals2 = np.array([1 if y == 1 else -1 for y in iris.target]) y_vals3 = np.array([1 if y == 2 else -1 for y in iris.target]) y_vals = np.array([y_vals1, y_vals2, y_vals3]) class1_x = [x[0] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 0] class1_y = [x[1] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 0] class2_x = [x[0] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 1] class2_y = [x[1] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 1] class3_x = [x[0] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 2] class3_y = [x[1] for i, x in enumerate(x_vals) if iris.target[i] == 2] -
声明占位符，变量，批处理大小
batch_size = 50 x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[3, None], dtype=tf.float32) prediction_grid = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 2], dtype=tf.float32) b= tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[3, batch_size])) -
声明高斯核函数
gamma = tf.constant(-15.0) dist = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(x_data), 1) dist = tf.reshape(dist, [-1, 1]) sq_dists = tf.add(tf.subtract(dist, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(x_data)))), tf.transpose(dist)) my_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(sq_dists))) -
扩展矩阵维度，进行矩阵转置
def reshape_matmul(mat): v1 = tf.expand_dims(mat, 1) v2 = tf.reshape(v1, [3, batch_size, 1]) return tf.matmul(v2, v1) -
计算对偶损失函数
mdoel_output = tf.matmul(b, my_kernel) first_term = tf.reduce_sum(b) b_vec_cross = tf.matmul(tf.transpose(b), b) y_target_cross = reshape_matmul(y_target) second_term = tf.reduce_sum(tf.multiply(my_kernel, tf.multiply(b_vec_cross, y_target_cross)), [1, 2]) loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.negative(tf.subtract(first_term, second_term))) -
创建预测核函数
rA = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(x_data), 1), [-1, 1]) rB = tf.reshape(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(prediction_grid), 1), [-1, 1]) pred_sq_dist = tf.add(tf.subtract(rA, tf.multiply(2., tf.matmul(x_data, tf.transpose(prediction_grid)))), tf.transpose(rB)) pred_kernel = tf.exp(tf.multiply(gamma, tf.abs(pred_sq_dist))) -
根据预测核函数来创建预测函数
prediction_output = tf.matmul(tf.multiply(y_target, b), pred_kernel) prediction = tf.argmax(prediction_output - tf.expand_dims(tf.reduce_mean(prediction_output, 1), 1), 0) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(prediction, tf.argmax(y_target, 0)), tf.float32)) -
声明优化器，初始化变量
my_optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01) train_setp = my_optimizer.minimize(loss) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) -
迭代计算
loss_vec = [] accuracy_vec = [] for i in range(100): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), size=batch_size) rand_x = x_vals[rand_index] rand_y = y_vals[:, rand_index] _, loss_temp, acc_temp = sess.run([train_setp, loss, accuracy], feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y, prediction_grid:rand_x}) loss_vec.append(loss_temp) accuracy_vec.append(acc_temp) if (i+1) %20 ==0: print("Step #" + str(i+1)) print("Loss = " + str(loss_temp)) -
创建数据点的预测网络，运行预测函数
x_min, x_max = x_vals[:, 0].min() - 1, x_vals[:, 0].max() + 1 y_min, y_max = x_vals[:, 1].min() -1, x_vals[:, 1].max() + 1 xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, 0.02), np.arange(y_min, y_max, 0.02)) grid_points = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()] grid_predictions = sess.run(prediction, feed_dict={x_data:rand_x, y_target:rand_y, prediction_grid:grid_points}) grid_predictions = grid_predictions.reshape(xx.shape) -
绘制训练结果，批量准确度和损失函数
plt.contourf(xx, yy, grid_predictions, cmap=plt.cm.Paired, alpha=0.8) plt.plot(class1_x, class1_y, 'ro', label="I. setosa") plt.plot(class2_x, class2_y, 'rx', label='I. versicolor') plt.plot(class3_x, class3_y, 'gv', label='I. virginica') plt.xlabel('Petal Length') plt.ylabel('Sepal Width') plt.show()
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