微积分之八——级数整理

一. 无穷级数常用级数

1. 一些基本级数

1. 几何级数（等比级数）
   $$\begin{array}{rl}& \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a{q}^n=a+aq+a{q}^2+\cdot \cdot \cdot +a{q}^n+\cdot \cdot \cdot (a\ne 0)\\ & s_n=a+aq+a{q}^2+\cdot \cdot \cdot +a{q}^{n-1}=a\cdot \frac{1-q^n}{1-q}\\ & \{\begin{array}{l}|q|<1,级数收敛\\ |q|>1,级数发散\\ q=1,S_n=na\to \infty 级数发散\\ q=-1,S_n=\{\begin{array}{l}a,n为奇数\\ 0,n为偶数\end{array}，所以n\to \infty 时S_n不趋于稳定值，级数发散\end{array}\end{array}$$
2. 调和级数
   $$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n}=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +\frac{1}{n}+\cdot \cdot \cdot$$
   $n\to \infty 时一般项\frac{1}{n}\to 0是趋于零的，但级数发散$
3. $p$级数
   $$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n^p}=1+\frac{1}{2^p}+\frac{1}{3^p}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +\frac{1}{n^p}+\cdot \cdot \cdot \{\begin{array}{l}p\le 1,发散\\ p>1,收敛\end{array}$$

2. 一些特殊的常数项级数的和

$$\boxed{\begin{array}{rlr}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}}{n}& =1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{6}\cdots +\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}}{n}+\cdots & =ln2\\ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n^2}& =1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{5^2}+\cdots +\frac{1}{n^2}+\cdots & =\frac{{\pi }^2}{6}\\ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{(2n{)}^2}& =\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{6^2}+\frac{1}{8^2}+\cdots +\frac{1}{(2n{)}^2}+\cdots & =\frac{{\pi }^2}{24}\\ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{(2n-1{)}^2}& =1+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{1}{7^2}+\frac{1}{9^2}+\cdots +\frac{1}{(2n-1{)}^2}+\cdots & =\frac{{\pi }^2}{8}\\ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(\frac{1}{(2n-1{)}^2}-\frac{1}{(2n{)}^2})& =1-\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{5^2}-\frac{1}{6^2}+\cdots +\frac{1}{(2n-1{)}^2}-\frac{1}{(2n{)}^2}+\cdots & =\frac{{\pi }^2}{12}\end{array}}$$

3. 一些基本幂级数展开式及展开式成立区间

$$\boxed{\begin{array}{rlr}\frac{1}{1-x}& =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{x}^n,& x\in (-1,1)\\ e^x& =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{x^n}{n!},& x\in (-\infty ,+\infty )\\ e^z& =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{z^n}{n!},& (z为复数且|z|<+\infty )\\ sinx& =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}}{(2n-1)!}{x}^{2n-1},& x\in (-\infty ,+\infty )\\ cosx& =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^n}{(2n)!}{x}^{2n},& x\in (-\infty ,+\infty )\\ ln(1+x)& =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}}{n}{x}^n,& x\in (-1,1]\\ arctanx& =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^n}{2n+1}{x}^{2n+1},& x\in [-1,1]\\ \sqrt{1+x}& =1+\frac{1}{2}x+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}(2n-3)!!}{(2n)!!}{x}^n,& x\in [-1,1]\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}}& =1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^n(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}{x}^n,& x\in (-1,1]\\ n!!为从1& 开始数值不超过n并且与n有相同奇偶性的自然数的乘积，& z\\ 比如说8!!& =2\ast 4\ast 6\ast 89!!=1\ast 3\ast 5\ast 7\ast 9& z\end{array}}$$
$$(1+x{)}^{\alpha }=\{\begin{array}{ll}\sum _{k=0}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k}\right)(1{)}^k{x}^{n-k}& (n=\alpha ,\alpha \in Z^{+},x\in R)\alpha 为正整数那这其实就是我们常说的二项式展开定理\\ 1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{\alpha (\alpha -1)\cdots (\alpha -n+1)}{n!}{x}^n& (\alpha \in R\backslash Z^{+}，即除了正整数的全部实数,x\in (-1,1),对于端点\pm 1需要根据\alpha 的取值来判断)\end{array}$$

4. 斯特林公式

$$\begin{array}{rl}& n!\approx \sqrt{2\pi n}(\frac{n}{e}{)}^n\\ & \underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{n!}{\sqrt{2\pi n}(\frac{n}{e}{)}^n}=1\\ & \underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{e^{n}n!}{n^n\cdot \sqrt{n}}=\sqrt{2\pi }\end{array}$$