Galera 是一个高可用性解决方案，主要用于 MySQL 和 MariaDB 数据库的同步复制。它提供了一个多主（multi-master）复制环境，允许多个数据库节点同时读写。所有节点都是主节点，并且使用同步复制来保持一致性。
- 使用基于投票的 quorum 机制来保证数据一致性。
- 自动处理节点之间的数据同步和冲突解决。
- 高可用性和一致性较强，适合对数据一致性有高要求的场景。
- 配置和管理复杂，对网络延迟敏感。
Galera Cluster 搭建
- Install MariaDB version 10.6
root@ubuntu:~# apt install mariadb-server-10.6
root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
# line 90 : confirm default charset
# if use 4 bytes UTF-8, specify [utf8mb4]
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_general_ci
root@ubuntu:~# systemctl restart mariadb
- Initial Settings for MariaDB.
root@ubuntu:~# mysql_secure_installation
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
haven't set the root password yet, you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password or using the unix_socket ensures that nobody
can log into the MariaDB root user without the proper authorisation.
You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.
# Switch to [unix_socket] authentication or not
# [unix_socket] auth is enabled for root user by default even if you select [No]
Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] n
... skipping.
You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.
# set MariaDB root password or not
# [unix_socket] authentication is enabled by default, but
# if you set root password, it's also possible to login with password authentication.
# if not set root password, only OS root user can login as MariaDB root user
Change the root password? [Y/n] n
... skipping.
By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
# remove anonymous users
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
# disallow root login remotely
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
... Success!
By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
# remove test database
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
# reload privilege tables
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Cleaning up...
All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.
Thanks for using MariaDB!
- If you’d like to delete all data of MariaDB and initialize it, run like follows.
root@ubuntu:~# systemctl stop mariadb
root@ubuntu:~# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
root@ubuntu:~# mysql_install_db --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --user=mysql
root@ubuntu:~# systemctl start mariadb
- Configure 1st node.
root@ubuntu:~# systemctl stop mariadb
root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
# line 27 : comment out
#bind-address = 127.0.0.1
# add to the end
[galera]
wsrep_on=ON
wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so
wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://"
binlog_format=row
default_storage_engine=InnoDB
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
bind-address=0.0.0.0
# any cluster name
wsrep_cluster_name="MariaDB_Cluster"
# own IP address
wsrep_node_address="192.168.57.129"
root@ubuntu:~# galera_new_cluster
root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
# add nodes you plan to set in cluster
wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://192.168.57.129,192.168.57.130"
- Configure other nodes except a 1st node.
root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
# line 27 : comment out
#bind-address = 127.0.0.1
# add to the end
[galera]
wsrep_on=ON
wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so
# specify all nodes in cluster
wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://192.168.57.129,192.168.57.130"
binlog_format=row
default_storage_engine=InnoDB
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
bind-address=0.0.0.0
# any cluster name
wsrep_cluster_name="MariaDB_Cluster"
# specify this host's IP address
wsrep_node_address="192.168.57.130"
root@ubuntu:~# systemctl restart mariadb
- That’s OK. Make sure the status like follows. It’s OK if [wsrep_local_state_comment] is [Synced].
root@ubuntu:~# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 35
Server version: 10.6.18-MariaDB-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 Ubuntu 22.04
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]>
MariaDB [(none)]>
MariaDB [(none)]> show status like 'wsrep_%';
+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wsrep_local_state_uuid | 451d833c-4d6a-11ef-bb54-a2d9e8e45695 |
| wsrep_protocol_version | 11 |
| wsrep_last_committed | 2 |
| wsrep_replicated | 0 |
| wsrep_replicated_bytes | 0 |
| wsrep_repl_keys | 0 |
| wsrep_repl_keys_bytes | 0 |
| wsrep_repl_data_bytes | 0 |
| wsrep_repl_other_bytes | 0 |
| wsrep_received | 6 |
| wsrep_received_bytes | 486 |
| wsrep_local_commits | 0 |
| wsrep_local_cert_failures | 0 |
| wsrep_local_replays | 0 |
| wsrep_local_send_queue | 0 |
| wsrep_local_send_queue_max | 2 |
| wsrep_local_send_queue_min | 0 |
| wsrep_local_send_queue_avg | 0.5 |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue | 0 |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue_max | 2 |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue_min | 0 |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg | 0.166667 |
| wsrep_local_cached_downto | 1 |
| wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns | 0 |
| wsrep_flow_control_paused | 0 |
| wsrep_flow_control_sent | 0 |
| wsrep_flow_control_recv | 0 |
| wsrep_flow_control_active | false |
| wsrep_flow_control_requested | false |
| wsrep_cert_deps_distance | 0 |
| wsrep_apply_oooe | 0 |
| wsrep_apply_oool | 0 |
| wsrep_apply_window | 0 |
| wsrep_apply_waits | 0 |
| wsrep_commit_oooe | 0 |
| wsrep_commit_oool | 0 |
| wsrep_commit_window | 0 |
| wsrep_local_state | 4 |
| wsrep_local_state_comment | Synced |
| wsrep_cert_index_size | 0 |
| wsrep_causal_reads | 0 |
| wsrep_cert_interval | 0 |
| wsrep_open_transactions | 0 |
| wsrep_open_connections | 0 |
| wsrep_incoming_addresses | 192.168.57.129:0,192.168.57.130:0 |
| wsrep_cluster_weight | 2 |
| wsrep_desync_count | 0 |
| wsrep_evs_delayed | |
| wsrep_evs_evict_list | |
| wsrep_evs_repl_latency | 0.000989691/0.00249796/0.00538243/0.00160229/6 |
| wsrep_evs_state | OPERATIONAL |
| wsrep_gcomm_uuid | 451d3488-4d6a-11ef-93c6-72390ebbe449 |
| wsrep_gmcast_segment | 0 |
| wsrep_applier_thread_count | 1 |
| wsrep_cluster_capabilities | |
| wsrep_cluster_conf_id | 2 |
| wsrep_cluster_size | 2 |
| wsrep_cluster_state_uuid | 451d833c-4d6a-11ef-bb54-a2d9e8e45695 |
| wsrep_cluster_status | Primary |
| wsrep_connected | ON |
| wsrep_local_bf_aborts | 0 |
| wsrep_local_index | 0 |
| wsrep_provider_capabilities | :MULTI_MASTER:CERTIFICATION:PARALLEL_APPLYING:TRX_REPLAY:ISOLATION:PAUSE:CAUSAL_READS:INCREMENTAL_WRITESET:UNORDERED:PREORDERED:STREAMING:NBO: |
| wsrep_provider_name | Galera |
| wsrep_provider_vendor | Codership Oy <info@codership.com> |
| wsrep_provider_version | 26.4.18(ra96793fc) |
| wsrep_ready | ON |
| wsrep_rollbacker_thread_count | 1 |
| wsrep_thread_count | 2 |
+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
69 rows in set (0.003 sec)
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