C++ day4

对象模型和this指针

空对象占一个字节空间

class Person
{
public:

	Person(int age)
	{
		//1、当形参和成员变量同名时,可用this指针来区分
		this->age = age;
	}

	Person& PersonAddPerson(Person p)
	{
		this->age += p.age;
		//返回对象本身
		return *this;
	}

	int age;
};

void test01()
{
	Person p1(10);
	cout << "p1.age = " << p1.age << endl;

	Person p2(10);
	p2.PersonAddPerson(p1).PersonAddPerson(p1).PersonAddPerson(p1);
	cout << "p2.age = " << p2.age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

如果不用引用的方式返回,相当于调用拷贝构造函数,返回与p2不同的另一个Person(只是age都是20),那么后续的加年龄操作与p2就没有关系了,加了引用返回的才是p2本体。

不加引用 会输出20 因为p2只被调用了一次

//空指针访问成员函数
class Person {
public:

	void ShowClassName() {
		cout << "我是Person类!" << endl;
	}

	void ShowPerson() {
		if (this == NULL) {
			return;
		}
		cout << mAge << endl;
	}

public:
	int mAge;
};

void test01()
{
	Person * p = NULL;
	p->ShowClassName(); //空指针,可以调用成员函数
	p->ShowPerson();  //但是如果成员函数中用到了this指针,就不可以了
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		m_A = 0;
		m_B = 0;
	}

	//this指针的本质是一个指针常量,指针的指向不可修改
	//如果想让指针指向的值也不可以修改,需要声明常函数
	void ShowPerson() const {
		//const Type* const pointer;
		//this = NULL; //不能修改指针的指向 Person* const this;
		//this->mA = 100; //但是this指针指向的对象的数据是可以修改的

		//const修饰成员函数,表示指针指向的内存空间的数据不能修改,除了mutable修饰的变量
		this->m_B = 100;
	}

	void MyFunc() const {
		//mA = 10000;
	}

public:
	int m_A;
	mutable int m_B; //可修改 可变的
};


//const修饰对象  常对象
void test01() {

	const Person person; //常量对象  
	cout << person.m_A << endl;
	//person.mA = 100; //常对象不能修改成员变量的值,但是可以访问
	person.m_B = 100; //但是常对象可以修改mutable修饰成员变量

	//常对象访问成员函数
	person.MyFunc(); //常对象不能调用const的函数

}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

友元 

想用哪个类中的私有属性,就在那个类中加friend

1.加调用的函数

friend void goodGay(Building& building);

2.加调用的类

friend class goodGay;

3.加调用的类中的成员函数

friend void goodGay::visit();

全局函数做友元

class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay全局函数 是 Building类的好朋友,可以访问类中的私有内容
	friend void goodGay(Building& building);

public:

	Building()
	{
		this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
		this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
	}


public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅

private:
	string m_BedRoom; //卧室
};


void goodGay(Building& building)
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问: " << building.m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问: " << building.m_BedRoom << endl;
}


void test01()
{
	Building b;
	Building& c = b;
	goodGay(c);
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

类做友元

class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

	goodGay();
	void visit();

private:
	Building *building;
};


class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay类是Building类的好朋友,可以访问到Building类中私有内容
	friend class goodGay;

public:
	Building();

public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	goodGay gg;
	gg.visit();

}

int main(){

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

成员函数做友元

class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

	goodGay();
	void visit(); //只让visit函数作为Building的好朋友,可以发访问Building中私有内容
	void visit2(); 

private:
	Building *building;
};


class Building
{
	//告诉编译器  goodGay类中的visit成员函数 是Building好朋友,可以访问私有内容
	friend void goodGay::visit();

public:
	Building();

public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void goodGay::visit2()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	//cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	goodGay  gg;
	gg.visit();

}

int main(){
    
	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运算符重载

加号重载

class Person {
public:
	Person() {};
	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}
	//成员函数实现 + 号运算符重载
	Person operator+(const Person& p) {
		Person temp;
		temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
		temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
		return temp;
	}


public:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现 + 号运算符重载
//Person operator+(const Person& p1, const Person& p2) {
//	Person temp(0, 0);
//	temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
//	temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
//	return temp;
//}

//运算符重载 可以发生函数重载 
Person operator+(const Person& p2, int val)  
{
	Person temp;
	temp.m_A = p2.m_A + val;
	temp.m_B = p2.m_B + val;
	return temp;
}

void test() {

	Person p1(10, 10);
	Person p2(20, 20);

	//成员函数方式
	Person p3 = p2 + p1;  //相当于 p2.operaor+(p1)
	cout << "mA:" << p3.m_A << " mB:" << p3.m_B << endl;


	Person p4 = p3 + 10; //相当于 operator+(p3,10)
	cout << "mA:" << p4.m_A << " mB:" << p4.m_B << endl;

}

int main() {

	test();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

左移重载

class Person {
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);

public:

	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}

	//成员函数 实现不了  p << cout 不是我们想要的效果
	//void operator<<(Person& p){
	//}

private:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现左移重载
//ostream对象只能有一个
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p) {
	out << "a:" << p.m_A << " b:" << p.m_B;
	return out;
}

void test() {

	Person p1(10, 20);

	cout << p1 << "hello world" << endl; //链式编程
}

int main() {

	test();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

递增运算符重载

class MyInteger {

	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);

public:
	MyInteger() {
		m_Num = 0;
	}
	//前置++
	MyInteger& operator++() {
		//先++
		m_Num++;
		//再返回
		return *this;
	}

	//后置++
	MyInteger operator++(int) {
		//先返回
		MyInteger temp = *this; //记录当前本身的值,然后让本身的值加1,但是返回的是以前的值,达到先返回后++;
		m_Num++;
		return temp;
	}

private:
	int m_Num;
};


ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint) {
	out << myint.m_Num;
	return out;
}


//前置++ 先++ 再返回
void test01() {
	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << ++myInt << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

//后置++ 先返回 再++
void test02() {

	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << myInt++ << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();
	//test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

前置递增返回引用,后置递增返回值

前置递增如果不返回引用,会调用拷贝构造函数 返回的就不是对象本身

后者如果返回引用 就是返回局部变量的引用 是非法操作

赋值运算符重载

class Person
{
public:

	Person(int age)
	{
		//将年龄数据开辟到堆区
		m_Age = new int(age);
	}

	//重载赋值运算符 
	Person& operator=(Person &p)
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
		//编译器提供的代码是浅拷贝
		//m_Age = p.m_Age;

		//提供深拷贝 解决浅拷贝的问题
		m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);

		//返回自身
		return *this;
	}


	~Person()
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
	}

	//年龄的指针
	int *m_Age;

};


void test01()
{
	Person p1(18);

	Person p2(20);

	Person p3(30);

	p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作

	cout << "p1的年龄为:" << *p1.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p3的年龄为:" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	//int a = 10;
	//int b = 20;
	//int c = 30;

	//c = b = a;
	//cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	//cout << "c = " << c << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

关系运算符重载

class Person
{
public:
	Person(string name, int age)
	{
		this->m_Name = name;
		this->m_Age = age;
	};

	bool operator==(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return true;
		}
		else
		{
			return false;
		}
	}

	bool operator!=(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return false;
		}
		else
		{
			return true;
		}
	}

	string m_Name;
	int m_Age;
};

void test01()
{
	//int a = 0;
	//int b = 0;

	Person a("孙悟空", 18);
	Person b("孙悟空", 18);

	if (a == b)
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}

	if (a != b)
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数调用运算符重载

函数调用运算符 () 也可以重载

由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数

仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活

class MyPrint
{
public:
	void operator()(string text)
	{
		cout << text << endl;
	}

};
void test01()
{
	//重载的()操作符 也称为仿函数
	MyPrint myFunc;
	myFunc("hello world");
}


class MyAdd
{
public:
	int operator()(int v1, int v2)
	{
		return v1 + v2;
	}
};

void test02()
{
	MyAdd add;
	int ret = add(10, 10);
	cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;

	//匿名对象调用  
	cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();
	test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

继承

//公共页面
class BasePage
{
public:
	void header()
	{
		cout << "首页、公开课、登录、注册...(公共头部)" << endl;
	}

	void footer()
	{
		cout << "帮助中心、交流合作、站内地图...(公共底部)" << endl;
	}
	void left()
	{
		cout << "Java,Python,C++...(公共分类列表)" << endl;
	}

};

//Java页面
class Java : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "JAVA学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//Python页面
class Python : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "Python学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//C++页面
class CPP : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "C++学科视频" << endl;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	//Java页面
	cout << "Java下载视频页面如下: " << endl;
	Java ja;
	ja.header();
	ja.footer();
	ja.left();
	ja.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//Python页面
	cout << "Python下载视频页面如下: " << endl;
	Python py;
	py.header();
	py.footer();
	py.left();
	py.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//C++页面
	cout << "C++下载视频页面如下: " << endl;
	CPP cp;
	cp.header();
	cp.footer();
	cp.left();
	cp.content();


}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

继承中的对象模型

class Base
{
public:
	int m_A;
protected:
	int m_B;
private:
	int m_C; //私有成员只是被隐藏了,但是还是会继承下去
};

//公共继承
class Son :public Base
{
public:
	int m_D;
};

void test01()
{
	cout << "sizeof Son = " << sizeof(Son) << endl;//16
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

class Base {
public:
	Base()
	{
		m_A = 100;
	}

	void func()
	{
		cout << "Base - func()调用" << endl;
	}

	void func(int a)
	{
		cout << "Base - func(int a)调用" << endl;
	}

public:
	int m_A;
};


class Son : public Base {
public:
	Son()
	{
		m_A = 200;
	}

	//当子类与父类拥有同名的成员函数,子类会隐藏父类中所有版本的同名成员函数
	//如果想访问父类中被隐藏的同名成员函数,需要加父类的作用域
	void func()
	{
		cout << "Son - func()调用" << endl;
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

void test01()
{
	Son s;

	cout << "Son下的m_A = " << s.m_A << endl;
	cout << "Base下的m_A = " << s.Base::m_A << endl;

	s.func();
	s.Base::func();
	s.Base::func(10);

}
int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

class Base1 {
public:
	Base1()
	{
		m_A = 100;
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

class Base2 {
public:
	Base2()
	{
		m_A = 200;  //开始是m_B 不会出问题,但是改为mA就会出现不明确
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

//语法:class 子类:继承方式 父类1 ,继承方式 父类2 
class Son : public Base2, public Base1 
{
public:
	Son()
	{
		m_C = 300;
		m_D = 400;
	}
public:
	int m_C;
	int m_D;
};


//多继承容易产生成员同名的情况
//通过使用类名作用域可以区分调用哪一个基类的成员
void test01()
{
	Son s;
	cout << "sizeof Son = " << sizeof(s) << endl;
	cout << s.Base1::m_A << endl;
	cout << s.Base2::m_A << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

class Animal
{
public:
	int m_Age;
};

//继承前加virtual关键字后,变为虚继承
//此时公共的父类Animal称为虚基类
class Sheep : virtual public Animal {};
class Tuo   : virtual public Animal {};
class SheepTuo : public Sheep, public Tuo {};

void test01()
{
	SheepTuo st;
	st.Sheep::m_Age = 100;
	st.Tuo::m_Age = 200;

	cout << "st.Sheep::m_Age = " << st.Sheep::m_Age << endl;
	cout << "st.Tuo::m_Age = " <<  st.Tuo::m_Age << endl;
	cout << "st.m_Age = " << st.m_Age << endl;
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

改成虚基类后 不分作用域 直接多合一

现在的继承是继承了两个vbptr 虚基类指针 指向两个虚基类表 记录了同一个变量

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