在句中修饰行为或状态特征的词称为副词。
副词
根据副词与句子的关系,英语中的副词可分为adjunct(附属)、disjunct(分离)、conjunct(连接)三类副词。
adjunct(位于句子内部的副词)
时间副词:
例1:He went home yesterday(他昨天回家了,yesterday修饰went)
例2:I have just finished my homework.(我刚完成我的家庭作业)
频率副词:
例1:Do you often read English books? (你经常读英语书吗?)
例2:I have never read such books.(我从没读过这样的书。)
地点副词:
例1:He will study abroad next year(明年他将在国外学习)
例2: He came in(他进来)
方式副词:
例1:Jack drives very carefully.(杰克开车很小心)
例2:She slowly opened the present. (她慢慢地打开礼物)
程度副词:
例1:I am deeply grateful to you(我由衷地感激你)
例2:I quite agree with your opinion(我相当同意你的观点)
**疑问副词:**how, when, where, why
例:How often do you see a movie(你多久看一次电影)
**关系副词:**when,where,why
例:This is(the place) where he was born.(这是他出生的地方)
conjunct(连接两个句子的副词)
连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),
then,when ,where,how,why……
例1:We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat(我们得早点走,否则我们就没有座位了)
例2:Bicycling is good exercise; moreover, it won’t pollute the air.(骑自行车是个很好的运动,此外它还不污染环境)
disjunct(与句子分离的副词)
句子副词(修饰整个句子):
actually,certainly,clearly,definitely,evidently(明显地),fortunately,frankly,honestly,possibly,undoubtedly(的确地),unexpectedly(未料到地),finally等
undoubtedly,he is an expert in this field.(毫无疑问,他是这个领域的专家)
frankly, you are wrong.(坦白说你错了)
副词的位置
一般原则:遇有be 动词或助动词时,副词均置于该be动词或助动词之后
例1:He is always kind.
例2:He can hardly walk(他几乎走不动了)
1. 频率副词,置于一般行为动词之前
He has never been late. 他从未迟到过。
They often go for a walk after supper.(晚饭之后他们经常去散步)
注:
有时为了强调,可将频度副词放在句首,但值得注意的是,当never, seldom 等含有否定意义的副词放在句首时,句子须部分倒装(即把助动词提前)
如:Never have I read such a book. 我从未读过那样的书。
2. 表确定时间的副词和地点副词置于一般动词之后;若时间和地点副词同时出现在一句中,地点在前时间在后
例:He went home yesterday.
注意:
① still, already, just 等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中
例:I have just finished my homework.(我刚完成我的家庭作业)
**② 表位置的介副词如in,out,up,down等要注意区分。**两重身份,之后无宾语为介副词,有宾语为介词。例:
He came in(无宾语,介副词)
He sat in the corner(有宾语,介词)
3.程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词,且置于形容词或副词之前;但enough永远置于其后。
The film was quite good(这部电影相当不错)
She played piano very well(她钢琴弹得非常好)
注意:
如果程度副词修饰一般动词,有时在前,有时在后
例1:I quite agree with you here.(这点我相当同意你)
例2:I like you very much(I very much like you也可)
4.修饰动词的方式副词一般放在动词(及其宾语)之后,有时也放在动词之前。如:
We must learn to speak English fluently and correctly. 我们应当学讲流利正确的英语。
They warmly welcomed me at their offices. 他们在办公室热烈欢迎了我。
这里大家就要根据语境使用了,多阅读,多积累。
5.疑问副词,关系副词,连接副词,以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面
When do you study everyday?你每天什么时候学习
These are the reasons why we do it.这就是我们为什么这样做的原因
Can you tell me how you did it?能告诉我你是怎么做到的吗
obviously, you are wrong.
6. 方式副词、地点副词、时间副词等用在一起时,通常是方式副词在前,地点副词在中间,时间副词在最后。
如:The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 这男孩整个下午都在那儿静静地看书
7. 副词修饰不定式,介词短语等结构时,副词紧邻放在此等结构前面
修饰不定式:
I’m here just to make up the number.(我来这里仅仅为了凑个数)
修饰介词短语:
He was deeply in conversation with his teacher(他与老师深入交谈)
重要副词的用法
1. very、much
① very不可单独修饰动词,而用very much,多用于肯定句
I like you very much.
② very可单独修饰形容词或副词。
It’s very happy to meet you
③ 修饰 too时只能用much,much too译为“太……”
He is much too young.(他太年轻了)
注:能修饰比较级或too的副词通常有6个:much,far, a lot, a great deal, still, even.
2. little、a little
little作否定副词译为“一点儿都不”,通常修饰know,think,dream,expect;a little作副词译为“有点儿”
He knows little English. (他几乎不懂英语。)
He knows a little English. (他懂一点点英语。)
3. ago, before,since, after.
① 时间 + ago表“距现在若干时间以前”,用一般过去时
例:He came here a few days ago(他几天前来过这里)
② 时间+before,表“从过去某时向前回溯”,用过去完成时
例:He had come here 5 days before(他五天前就来过这里了)
注意:
before 有时单独使用(即不连用具体时间),泛指一般意义的“以前”,此时可用于一般过去时或现在完成时:
例:He didn’t know that before. (他以前不知道此事。)
例:I have been there before. (我以前去过那儿。)
③ since作副词连词,引导一般过去时的状语从句,修饰的主句用现在完成(进行)时或过去完成(进行)时。
例:I have studied English since I went into university.(自从我进入大学,我就一直学习英语)
注意:since作介词用时,后面加明确的时间
例:I have been studying English since 2008.(自从2008年以后我便一直学英语)
④ after作副词译成“之后”,修饰过去时。
After ten hours of sailling in the sea , they reached dry land.(在海上航行了10小时之后,他们最终到达了陆地)
注意:
after除与一段时间连用外,还可与时间点连用,这样用的after也可以用于将来时。例:
I will come back after 4 o’clock. 我4点钟以后回来。
He came back after 4 o’clock. 他是4点种以后回来的。
4. somewhat, somehow, anyhow.
① somewhat译为“有点儿”为一般副词,常修饰形容词或副词,并置于被修饰词之前。
例:it’s somewhat(a little)cold today.(今天有点冷)
② somehow译为“不知怎的”时,作独立副词,置于句首修饰全句;译为“设法”时,修饰一般动词置于句尾。
例1:He is nice ,but somhow I don’t like him.(他人很好,但不知怎的我不喜欢他)
例2:We must find the lost boy somehow.(我们必须设法找到走失的男孩)
③ anyhow译为“况且,而且”时,常置于句尾;译为“不管如何”时,置于句首修饰整个主句,且用逗号隔开。
例:I don’t have time to go to the movies, they’re too expensive anyhow.(我没时间看电影,况且太贵了)
例2:anyhow,we can try.(不管怎样,我们可以试试看)
5. enough,enough既可以作形容词也可以做副词,做副词置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后
例:He is clever enough.(他足够聪明了)
容易混淆的副词
例1:I live close to his house(我住在他附近)
例2:watch him closely(好好看着他)
例3:We think highly of him.(我们很看重他)
特殊副词
**1.介词短语当副词用。**长置于句尾修饰句中动词
例:He came by bus.(他乘公交车来的)
2. 不定式短语当副词用。可修饰动词、形容词或副词
例:I am sorry(adj) to have kept you waiting.(很抱歉让你久等了)
She went to Italy in order to study painting.(她去意大利学绘画 )
3. 状语从句具有副词的性质。状语从句多用来修饰整个主句,可置于主句前后,但置于主句之前时要用逗号隔开。
例:I like her because she is nice.(我喜欢他,应为他人很好)
例2:If you have time, will you do help me?(如果你有时间你会帮我吗?)
4. 强调名词或代词的副词,这类词常见的有only,even。
2. 不定式短语当副词用。可修饰动词、形容词或副词
例:I am sorry(adj) to have kept you waiting.(很抱歉让你久等了)
She went to Italy in order to study painting.(她去意大利学绘画 )
3. 状语从句具有副词的性质。状语从句多用来修饰整个主句,可置于主句前后,但置于主句之前时要用逗号隔开。
例:I like her because she is nice.(我喜欢他,应为他人很好)
例2:If you have time, will you do help me?(如果你有时间你会帮我吗?)
4. 强调名词或代词的副词,这类词常见的有only,even。
例:Only you can help me this time.(这次只有你能帮我了),only用来强调代词you.