【信号与系统】（一）信号与系统概述——信号的基本概念与分类

m0_61811715

于 2023-06-04 18:41:39 发布

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文章标签：分类人工智能数据挖掘

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44378835/article/details/109539718

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文章目录

第一章信号与系统概述
- 1.1 信号的基本概念与分类

第一章信号与系统概述

1.1 信号的基本概念与分类

1.1.1 消息、信息、信号

消息（message）：人们常常把来自外界的各种报道统称为消息。接受到某个消息，会引起接收者的知识状态发生改变。知识状态改变的程度由该消息中所包含的信息量决定。

信息（information）：是信息论的一个术语，通常把消息中有意义的内容称为信息。某事件发生的信息量可定义为

      I 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      − 
     
    
      l 
     
    
      o 
     
     
     
       g 
      
     
       a 
      
     
    
      P 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
   
     I=-log_aP(x) 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault">o</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.03588em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> 其中<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     P 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     x 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    P(x) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>为事件<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     x 
    
   
  
    x 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span>的概率，当取2为底的对数时，信息量的单位为<code>bit</code>。</p>

信号（signal）：信号是信息的载体。如上课铃响的声信号，十字路口的红绿灯是光信号，电视机天线接收的电视信息是电信号。日常生活中的文字信号、图像信号、生物电信号等，都是信号。

为了有效地传播和利用信息，常常需要将信号转换成便于传输和处理的电信号。例如，无线广播就是将语音信号变换为适宜远距离传播的载波信号（这个过程称为调制），由天线发射出去；收音机通过无线接收到信号，通过信号变换形成语音信号（这个过程称为解调）

1.1.2 信号的描述

信号的携带信息的独立变量的函数。信号的信息的一种物理体现，一般是随时间或位置变换的物理量。电信号的基本形式是随时间变化的电压或电流。
描述信号的常用方法：

表示为时间的函数
信号的图形表示——波形

"信号"与"函数"通常相同通用

1.1.3 信号的分类

1.1.3.1 确定信号和随机信号

确定信号：可用确定时间函数表示的信号。

在这里插入图片描述

随机信号：信号不能用确切的函数描述，只可能知道它的统计特性比如概率，例如：电子系统中的起伏热噪声、雷电干扰信号。 (注意：下图是发生以后记录下来的，每一个时刻是什么值是不确定的)

1.1.3.2 连续信号和离散信号

连续时间信号：连续时间范围内(

      − 
     
    
      ∞ 
     
    
      &lt; 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      &lt; 
     
    
      ∞ 
     
    
   
     -∞&lt;t&lt;∞ 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.66666em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">∞</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.65418em; vertical-align: -0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>)有定义的信号，简称<code>连续信号</code>；若其<code>函数值域也连续</code>，常称为<code>模拟信号</code>。</li></ul>

在这里插入图片描述

离散时间信号：仅在一些离散的瞬间才有定义的信号，简称离散信号；当取值为规定数值时，常称为数字信号。

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(t) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>仅在一些离散时刻<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      t 
     
    
      k 
     
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     0 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     ± 
    
   
     1 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     ± 
    
   
     2 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     … 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    t_k(k=0,±1,±2,…) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>有定义，其余时间<code>无定义</code>,如图：<br> <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106220827624.png" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>

相邻离散点的间隔

      T 
     
    
      k 
     
    
   
     = 
    
    
    
      t 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       + 
      
     
       1 
      
     
    
   
     − 
    
    
    
      t 
     
    
      k 
     
    
   
  
    T_k=t_{k+1}-t_k 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.823411em; vertical-align: -0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.208331em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.76508em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>通常取<code>等间隔</code><span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     T 
    
   
  
    T 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span>，离散信号可表示为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     T 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(kT) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，简写为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(k) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，如果等间隔，这种离散信号也常称为<code>离散序列</code>或<code>序列</code>。其中<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     k 
    
   
  
    k 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.69444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span></span>称为<code>序号</code>,如图：<br> <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020110622093333.png" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>

在这里插入图片描述

通常将对应某序号

     m 
    
   
  
    m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span>的序列值称为第<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     m 
    
   
  
    m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span>个样点的<code>样值</code>。</p>

连续信号采样变离散信号：
在这里插入图片描述

离散信号变连续信号（零阶保持）:
在这里插入图片描述

离散信号变连续信号（分段线性）:
在这里插入图片描述

1.1.3.3 周期信号与非周期信号

周期信号(period signal)是定义在

       ( 
      
     
       − 
      
     
       ∞ 
      
     
       , 
      
     
       ∞ 
      
     
       ) 
      
     
    
      (-∞,∞) 
     
    
  </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">∞</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>区间，每隔一定时间<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
   
    
     
     
       T 
      
     
    
      T 
     
    
  </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span> (或整数<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
   
    
     
     
       N 
      
     
    
      N 
     
    
  </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span></span> )，按相同规律重复变化的信号；</p> </li><li> <p>不具有周期性的信号称为<code>非周期信号</code>。</p> </li></ul>

连续信号的周期

连续周期信号

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(t) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，周期为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     T 
    
   
  
    T 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span>，满足<br> <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      + 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      T 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      ， 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      0 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      ± 
     
    
      1 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      ± 
     
    
      2 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      … 
     
    
   
     f(t) = f(t + mT)，m = 0,±1,±2,… 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">，</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83888em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

典型周期连续信号：余弦信号

     cos 
    
   
     ω 
    
   
     t 
    
   
  
    \text{cos}ωt 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.61508em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">cos</span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">ω</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span></span></span></p>

周期为：

     T 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     2 
    
   
     π 
    
   
     / 
    
   
     ω 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     s 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    T= 2π/ω (s) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">ω</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p>

两个周期信号的周期分别为

      T 
     
    
      1 
     
    
   
  
    T_1 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      T 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
  
    T_2 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，若<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      T 
     
    
      1 
     
    
   
     / 
    
    
    
      T 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
  
    T_1/T_2 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>为有理数，则周期信号之和仍然是周期信号，其周期为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      T 
     
    
      1 
     
    
   
  
    T_1 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      T 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
  
    T_2 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>的最小公倍数。</p>

在这里插入图片描述

离散信号的周期

定义:离散周期信号

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(k) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，周期为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     N 
    
   
  
    N 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span></span>，满足下式:<br> <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      k 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      k 
     
    
      + 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      N 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      ， 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      0 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      ± 
     
    
      1 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      ± 
     
    
      2 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      … 
     
    
   
     f(k) = f(k + mN)，m = 0,±1,±2,… 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">，</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83888em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106224136547.png" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>

结论：

当

      2 
     
    
      π 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      β 
     
    
   
     2π/β 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span></span>为整数时，正弦序列具有周期<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      N 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      2 
     
    
      π 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      β 
     
    
   
     N = 2π/β 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span></span>;</li><li>当<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      2 
     
    
      π 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      β 
     
    
   
     2π/β 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span></span>为有理数时，正弦序列仍具有周期性，但其周期为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      N 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      M 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      2 
     
    
      π 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      β 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
   
     N= M(2π/β) 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      M 
     
    
   
     M 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span></span>取使<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      N 
     
    
   
     N 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span></span>为整数的最小整数;</li><li>当<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      2 
     
    
      π 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      β 
     
    
   
     2π/β 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span></span>为无理数时，正弦序列为非周期序列。</li></ul>

在这里插入图片描述
结论：

①连续正弦信号一定是周期信号，而正弦序列不一定是周期序列。
②两连续周期信号之和不一定是周期信号，而两周期序列之和一定是周期序列。

1.1.3.4 能量信号和功率信号

将信号

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(t) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>看作电压信号或电流信号， 施加于<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     R 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     1 
    
   
     Ω 
    
   
  
    R=1Ω 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.00773em;">R</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">Ω</span></span></span></span></span>电阻上，它所消耗的瞬时功率为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     ∣ 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
    
    
      ∣ 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
  
    | f(t) |^2 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>（<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     P 
    
   
     = 
    
    
     
     
       ∣ 
      
     
       u 
      
     
       ( 
      
     
       t 
      
     
       ) 
      
      
      
        ∣ 
       
      
        2 
       
      
     
    
      R 
     
    
   
     = 
    
   
     ∣ 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
    
    
      ∣ 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
  
    P=\frac{|u(t)|^2}{R}=|f(t)|^2 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.45392em; vertical-align: -0.345em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.10892em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.00773em;">R</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∣</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.891314em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.931em; margin-right: 0.0714286em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.345em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，考虑到<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     u 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    u(t) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>可能是复数，所以取模。），在区间<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     ( 
    
   
     – 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    (–∞ , ∞) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">–</span><span class="mord">∞</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>的<code>能量</code>和<code>平均功率</code>（单位时间消耗的能量为功率）定义为：</p>

在这里插入图片描述

能量有限信号: 信号的能量

     E 
    
   
     &lt; 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
  
    E&lt;∞ 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72243em; vertical-align: -0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>，简称<code>能量信号</code>，此时 <span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     P 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     0 
    
   
  
    P = 0 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>。<br> <code>功率有限信号</code>: 信号的功率<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     P 
    
   
     &lt; 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
  
    P&lt;∞ 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72243em; vertical-align: -0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>，简称<code>功率信号</code>，此时 <span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     E 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
  
    E = ∞ 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>。</p>

对于离散信号，也有能量信号、功率信号之分。

能量信号：满足

     E 
    
   
     = 
    
    
    
      ∑ 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       = 
      
     
       − 
      
     
       ∞ 
      
     
    
      ∞ 
     
    
   
     ∣ 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     ) 
    
    
    
      ∣ 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
     &lt; 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
  
    E=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}|f(k)|^{2}&lt;\infty 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.17215em; vertical-align: -0.358041em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position: relative; top: -5e-06em;">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.804292em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.40029em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">∞</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.2029em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∞</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.358041em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>的离散信号</p>

功率信号：满足

     P 
    
   
     = 
    
    
     
     
       lim 
      
     
       ⁡ 
      
     
     
     
       N 
      
     
       → 
      
     
       ∞ 
      
     
    
    
    
      1 
     
    
      N 
     
    
    
    
      ∑ 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       = 
      
     
       − 
      
     
       N 
      
     
       / 
      
     
       2 
      
     
     
     
       N 
      
     
       / 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
   
     ∣ 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     ) 
    
    
    
      ∣ 
     
    
      2 
     
    
   
     &lt; 
    
   
     ∞ 
    
   
  
    P=\lim _{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=-N / 2}^{N / 2}|f(k)|^{2}&lt;\infty 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.56em; vertical-align: -0.5152em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop">lim</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.328331em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mrel mtight">→</span><span class="mord mtight">∞</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.845108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.345em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position: relative; top: -5e-06em;">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.0448em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.3598em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.2198em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.5152em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span></span>的离散信号</p>

结论：

(1) 时限信号(仅在有限时间区间不为零)为能量信号;

(2) 周期信号属于功率信号;

(3) 非周期信号可能是能量信号，也可能是功率信号;

(4) 有些信号既不是能量信号也不是功率信号，如

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     t 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
     = 
    
    
    
      e 
     
    
      t 
     
    
   
  
    f(t)=e^t 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.793556em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.793556em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

1.1.3.5 因果信号和反因果信号

因果信号：

      t 
     
    
      &lt; 
     
    
      0 
     
    
      ， 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      0 
     
    
   
     t &lt; 0，f(t)=0 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.65418em; vertical-align: -0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">，</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>的信号<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
   
     f(t) 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span> [即 <span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      t 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      0 
     
    
   
     t=0 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.61508em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span> 时接入系统的信号]，比如阶跃信号：</li></ul>

在这里插入图片描述

反因果信号（备注：不是非因果信号）：

      t 
     
    
      ≥ 
     
    
      0 
     
    
   
     t ≥ 0 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.77194em; vertical-align: -0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>， <span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      0 
     
    
   
     f(t)=0 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>的信号 (除0信号外)。</li></ul>

1.1.3.6 一维信号与二维信号

从数学表达式看，信号可以表示为一个或多个变量的函数，分别称为一维或多维信号(函数)。

语音信号可表示为声压随时间变化的函数，属于一维信号。而一张黑白图像每个点(像素)具有不同的光强度，任一点又是二维平面坐标中两个变量的函数，黑白图像属于二维信号。还有更多维变量的函数的信号。

还有其他分类，如实信号与复信号；左边信号与右边信号等等。

《工程信号与系统》作者：郭宝龙等
国家精品课程：信号与系统，中国大学MOOC，郭宝龙，朱娟娟

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【信号与系统】（一）信号与系统概述——信号的基本概念与分类

消息（message）：人们常常把来自外界的各种报道统称为消息。接受到某个消息，会引起接收者的知识状态发生改变。知识状态改变的程度由该消息中所包含的信息量决定。信息（information）：是信息论的一个术语，通常把消息中有意义的内容称为信息。某事件发生的信息量可定义为I−logaPx。
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