基本概念
重点框架
本课程主要研究电信号随时间变化
重要定义
分类概念
连续时间信号:信号在连续时间内都有定义(只要求定义域连续)
离散信号:仅在一些离散的瞬间才有定义的信号
功率信号和能量信号
能量信号:能量有界,功率一定为0,离散变求和
功率信号:功率有界,E=∞,离散变求和
典型信号及阶跃、冲激、冲激偶
典型确定性信号:直流,单位斜坡,指数,正余弦,复指数,抽样
阶跃函数、冲激函数、冲击偶
ε ( t ) = ∫ − ∞ t δ ( τ ) d τ δ ( t ) = d ε ( t ) d t \varepsilon(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{t} \delta(\tau) d \tau \quad \delta(t)=\frac{d \varepsilon(t)}{d t} ε(t)=∫−∞tδ(τ)dτδ(t)=dtdε(t)
冲激函数的取样性
δ ( t ) f ( t ) = δ ( t ) f ( 0 ) ∫ − ∞ + ∞ δ ( t ) f ( t ) d t = f ( 0 ) \begin{array}{l} \delta(t) f(t)=\delta(t) f(0) \\ \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \delta(t) f(t) d t=f(0) \end{array} δ(t)f(t)=δ(t)f(0)∫−∞+∞δ(t)f(t)dt=f(0)
冲激偶(冲激函数的导数)
三个重要的性质
f ( t ) δ ′ ( t ) = f ( 0 ) δ ′ ( t ) − f ′ ( 0 ) δ ( t ) f(t) \delta^{\prime}(t)=f(0) \delta^{\prime}(t)-f^{\prime}(0) \delta(t) f(t)δ′(t)=f(0)δ′(t)−f′(0)δ(t)
∫ − ∞ ∞ δ ′ ( t ) f ( t ) d t = − f ′ ( 0 ) \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta^{\prime}(t) f(t) d t=-f^{\prime}(0) ∫−∞∞δ′(t)f(t)dt=−f′(0)
∫ − ∞ t δ ′ ( t ) d t = δ ( t ) \int_{-\infty}^{t} \delta^{\prime}(t) d t=\delta(t) ∫−∞tδ′(t)dt=δ(t)
比例性 δ ( a t ) = 1 ∣ a ∣ δ ( t ) \delta(a t)=\frac{1}{|a|} \delta(t) δ(at)=∣a∣1δ(t)
题型
判断能量信号和功率信号
1). x ( t ) = { e − t , t ≥ 0 0 , t < 0 x(\mathrm{t})=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}e^{-t}, & t \geq 0 \\ 0, & t<0\end{array}\right. x(t)={
e−t,0,t≥0t<0
2). x ( n ) = { 1 , n ≥ 0 0 , n < 0 x(\mathrm{n})=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1, & n \geq 0 \\ 0, & n<0\end{array}\right. x(n)={
1,0,n≥0n<0
1). E = ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∣ x ( t ) ∣ 2 d t = ∫ 0 ∞ e − 2 t d t = 1 2 \quad E\\ =\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}|x(\mathrm{t})|^{2} d t\\ =\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-2 t} d t\\ =\frac{1}{2} E=∫−∞∞∣x(t)∣2dt=∫0∞e−2tdt=21
能量信号
2). P = lim N → ∞ 1 2 N + 1 ∑ n = − N N ∣ x ( n ) ∣ 2 = lim N → ∞ 1 2 N + 1 ∑ n = 0 N 1 = lim N → ∞ N + 1 2 N + 1 = 1 2 \quad P\\ =\lim \limits_{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{2 N+1} \sum\limits_{n=-N}^{N}|x(\mathrm{n})|^{2}\\ =\lim \limits_{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{2 N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^{N} 1\\ =\lim \limits_{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{N+1}{2 N+1}\\ =\frac{1}{2} \quad P=N→∞lim2N+11n=−N∑N∣x(n)∣2=N→∞lim2N+11n=0∑N1=N→∞lim2N+1N+1=21
功率信号
方程和框图互相转化
连续系统
根据方程画框图
①左侧写激励,右侧写响应
②根据最高次数中间补对应数量的积分器,左侧补加法器
u C ′ ′ ( t ) + R L u C ′ ( t ) + 1 L C u C ( t ) = 1 L C u S ( t ) u_{C}^{\prime \prime}(t)+\frac{R}{L} u_{C}^{\prime}(t)+\frac{1}{L C} u_{C}(t)=\frac{1}{L C} u_{S}(t) uC′′(t)+LRuC′(t)+LC1uC(t)=LC1uS(t)
y ′ ′ ( t ) + a y ′ ( t ) + b y ( t ) = c f ( t ) y^{\prime \prime}(t)+a y^{\prime}(t)+b y(t)=c f(t) y′′(t)+ay′(t)+by(t)=cf(t)
a = R L b = 1 L C c = 1 L C a=\frac{R}{L} \quad b=\frac{1}{L C} \quad c=\frac{1}{L C} a=LRb=LC1c=LC1
y ′ ′ ( t ) = − a y ′ ( t ) − b y ( t ) + c f ( t ) y^{\prime \prime}(t)=-a y^{\prime}(t)-b y(t)+c f(t) y′′(t)=−ay′(t)−by(t)+cf(t)
根据框图画方程
①设置中间变量,左边高次,右边低次
②列写两个加法器
左边加法器
x ′ ′ ( t ) = − a 2 x ′ ( t ) − a 1 x ( t ) + f ( t ) x^{\prime \prime}(t)=-a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)-a_{1} x(t)+f(t) x′′(t)=−a2x′(t)−a1x(t)+f(t)
x ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 x ′ ( t ) + a 1 x ( t ) = f ( t ) x^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} x(t)=f(t) x′′(t)+a2x′(t)+a1x(t)=f(t)
右边加法器
y ( t ) = b 2 x ′ ′ ( t ) + b 1 x ′ ( t ) + x ( t ) a 1 y ( t ) = b 2 a 1 x ′ ′ ( t ) + b 1 a 1 x ′ ( t ) + a 1 x ( t ) a 2 y ′ ( t ) = b 2 ( a 2 x ′ ′ ( t ) ) ′ + b 1 ( a 2 x ′ ( t ) ) ′ + a 2 x ′ ( t ) y ′ ′ ( t ) = b 2 ( x ′ ′ ( t ) ) ′ ′ + b 1 ( x ′ ( t ) ) ′ ′ + x ′ ′ ( t ) y(t)=b_{2} x^{\prime \prime}(t)+b_{1} x^{\prime}(t)+x(t)\\ a_{1} y(t)=b_{2} a_{1} x^{\prime \prime}(t)+b_{1} a_{1} x^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} x(t) \\ a_{2} y^{\prime}(t) =b_{2}\left(a_{2} x^{\prime \prime}(t)\right)^{\prime}+b_{1}\left(a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)\right)^{\prime}+a_{2} x^{\prime}(t) \\ y^{\prime \prime}(t) =b_{2}\left(x^{\prime \prime}(t)\right)^{\prime \prime}+b_{1}\left(x^{\prime}(t)\right)^{\prime \prime}+x^{\prime \prime}(t) y(t)=b2x′′(t)+b1x′(t)+x(t)a1y(t)=b2a1x′′(t)+b1a1x′(t)+a1x(t)a2y′(t)=b2(a2x′′(t))′+b1(a2x′(t))′+a2x′(t)y′′(t)=b2(x′′(t))′′+b1(x′(t))′′+x′′(t)
y ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 y ′ ( t ) + a 1 y ( t ) = b 2 ( x ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 x ′ ( t ) + a 1 x ( t ) ) ′ ′ + b 1 ( x ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 x ′ ( t ) + a 1 x ( t ) ) ′ + x ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 x ′ ( t ) + a 1 x ( t ) = b 2 f ′ ′ ( t ) + b 1 f ′ ( t ) + f ( t ) y^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} y^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} y(t) \\ =b_{2}(x^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} x(t))^{\prime \prime}+b_{1}\left(x^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} x(t)\right)^{\prime}+x^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} x^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} x(t)\\ =b_{2} f^{\prime \prime}(t)+b_{1} f^{\prime}(t)+f(t) y′′(t)+a2y′(t)+a1y(t)=b2(x′′(t)+a2x′(t)+a1x(t))′′+b1(x′′(t)+a2x′(t)+a1x(t))′+x′′(t)+a2x′(t)+a1x(t)=b2f′′(t)+b1f′(t)+f(t)
最终结果 y ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 y ′ ( t ) + a 1 y ( t ) = b 2 f ′ ′ ( t ) + b 1 f ′ ( t ) + f ( t ) y^{\prime \prime}(t)+a_{2} y^{\prime}(t)+a_{1} y(t) =b_{2} f^{\prime \prime}(t)+b_{1} f^{\prime}(t)+f(t) y′′(t)+a2y′(t)+a1y(t)=b2f′′(t)+b1f′(t)+f(t)
离散系统
y ( k ) − ( 1 + a − b ) y ( k − 1 ) = f ( k ) y(k)-(1+a-b) y(k-1)=f(k) y(k)−(1+a−b)y(k−1)=f(k)
左边加法器
x ( k ) = f ( k ) − a 2 x ( k − 1 ) − a 1 x ( k − 2 ) x(k)=f(k)-a_{2} x(k-1)-a_{1} x(k-2) x(k)=f(k)−a2x(k−1)−a1x(k−2)
f ( k ) = x ( k ) + a 2 x ( k − 1 ) + a 1 x ( k − 2 ) f(k)=x(k)+a_{2} x(k-1)+a_{1} x(k-2) f(k)=x(k)+a2x(k−1)+a1x(k−2)
右边加法器
y ( k ) = b 1 x ( k ) + x ( k − 2 ) \mathrm{y}(\mathrm{k})=b_{1} \mathrm{x}(\mathrm{k})+\mathrm{x}(\mathrm{k}-2) y(k)=b1x(k)+x(k−2)
a 2 y ( k − 1 ) = b 1 a 2 x ( k − 1 ) + a 2 x ( k − 3 ) a_{2} y(k-1)=b_{1} a_{2} x(k-1)+a_{2} x(k-3) a2y(k−1)=b1a2x(k−1)+a2x(k−3)
a 1 y ( k − 2 ) = b 1 a 1 x ( k − 2 ) + a 1 x ( k − 4 ) a_{1} y(k-2)=b_{1} a_{1} x(k-2)+a_{1} x(k-4) a1y(k−2)=b1a1x(k−2)+a1x(k−4)
y ( k ) + a 2 y ( k − 1 ) + a 1 y ( k − 2 ) = b 1 [ x ( k ) + a 2 x ( k − 1 ) + a 1 x ( k − 2 ) ] + [ x ( k − 2 ) + a 2 x ( k − 3 ) + a 1 x ( k − 4 ) ] = b 1 f ( k ) + f ( k − 2 ) y(k)+a_{2} y(k-1)+a_{1} y(k-2)\\ =b_{1}\left[x(k)+a_{2} x(k-1)+a_{1} x(k-2)\right]+\left[x(k-2)+a_{2} x(k-3)+a_{1} x(k-4)\right]\\ =b_{1} f(k)+f(k-2) y(k)+a2y(k−1)+a1y(k−2)=b1[x(k)+a2x(k−1)+a1x(k−2)]+[x(k−2)+a2x(k−3)+a1x(k−4)]=b1f(k)+f(k−2)
y ( k ) + a 2 y ( k − 1 ) + a 1 y ( k − 2 ) = b 1 f ( k ) + f ( k − 2 ) y(k)+a_{2} y(k-1)+a_{1} y(k-2)=b_{1} f(k)+f(k-2) y(k)+a2y(k−1)+a1y(k−2)=b1f(k)+f(k−2)
判断线性系统
1.判断分解特性(写出两种输入相加)
2.判断零状态响应,零输入响应线性特征
( 1 ) y ( t ) = f ( t ) + 3 x ( 0 ) f ( t ) + 6 x ( 0 ) + 5 ( 2 ) y ( t ) = 5 ∣ f ( t ) ∣ + 6 x ( 0 ) \begin{array}{ll}(1) y(t)&#