信号与系统-＞基本概念

重点框架

本课程主要研究电信号随时间变化

重要定义

分类概念

连续时间信号：信号在连续时间内都有定义（只要求定义域连续）
离散信号：仅在一些离散的瞬间才有定义的信号

功率信号和能量信号

能量信号：能量有界，功率一定为0，离散变求和
功率信号：功率有界，E=∞，离散变求和

典型信号及阶跃、冲激、冲激偶

典型确定性信号：直流，单位斜坡，指数，正余弦，复指数，抽样
阶跃函数、冲激函数、冲击偶
$\epsilon (t)={\int }_{-\infty }^t\delta (\tau )d\tau \delta (t)=\frac{d\epsilon (t)}{dt}$

冲激函数的取样性
$$\begin{array}{l}\delta (t)f(t)=\delta (t)f(0)\\ {\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\delta (t)f(t)dt=f(0)\end{array}$$

冲激偶（冲激函数的导数）
三个重要的性质
$f(t){\delta }^{\prime }(t)=f(0){\delta }^{\prime }(t)-f^{\prime }(0)\delta (t)$

${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{\delta }^{\prime }(t)f(t)dt=-f^{\prime }(0)$

${\int }_{-\infty }^t{\delta }^{\prime }(t)dt=\delta (t)$
比例性$\delta (at)=\frac{1}{|a|}\delta (t)$

题型

判断能量信号和功率信号

1). $x(\mathrm{t})=\{\begin{array}{ll}{e}^{-t},& t\ge 0\\ 0,& t<0\end{array}$
2). $x(\mathrm{n})=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& n\ge 0\\ 0,& n<0\end{array}$

1). $$\begin{gathered} E \\ ={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }|x(\mathrm{t}){|}^{2}dt \\ ={\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-2t}dt \\ =\frac{1}{2} \end{gathered}$$
能量信号
2). $$\begin{gathered} P \\ =\underset{N\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{1}{2N+1}\sum _{n=-N}^N|x(\mathrm{n}){|}^2 \\ =\underset{N\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{1}{2N+1}\sum _{n=0}^{N}1 \\ =\underset{N\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{N+1}{2N+1} \\ =\frac{1}{2} \end{gathered}$$
功率信号

方程和框图互相转化

连续系统

根据方程画框图
①左侧写激励，右侧写响应
②根据最高次数中间补对应数量的积分器，左侧补加法器
$u_C^{\prime \prime }(t)+\frac{R}{L}{u}_C^{\prime }(t)+\frac{1}{LC}{u}_C(t)=\frac{1}{LC}{u}_S(t)$
$y^{\prime \prime }(t)+a{y}^{\prime }(t)+by(t)=cf(t)$
$a=\frac{R}{L}b=\frac{1}{LC}c=\frac{1}{LC}$
$y^{\prime \prime }(t)=-a{y}^{\prime }(t)-by(t)+cf(t)$

根据框图画方程
①设置中间变量，左边高次，右边低次
②列写两个加法器

左边加法器
$x^{\prime \prime }(t)=-a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)-a_{1}x(t)+f(t)$
$x^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}x(t)=f(t)$
右边加法器
$$\begin{gathered} y(t)=b_2{x}^{\prime \prime }(t)+b_1{x}^{\prime }(t)+x(t) \\ {a}_{1}y(t)=b_2{a}_1{x}^{\prime \prime }(t)+b_1{a}_1{x}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}x(t) \\ {a}_2{y}^{\prime }(t)=b_2{\left(a_2{x}^{\prime \prime }(t)\right)}^{\prime }+b_1{\left(a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)\right)}^{\prime }+a_2{x}^{\prime }(t) \\ {y}^{\prime \prime }(t)=b_2{\left(x^{\prime \prime }(t)\right)}^{\prime \prime }+b_1{\left(x^{\prime }(t)\right)}^{\prime \prime }+x^{\prime \prime }(t) \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{y}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}y(t) \\ =b_2(x^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}x(t){)}^{\prime \prime }+b_1{\left(x^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}x(t)\right)}^{\prime }+x^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{x}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}x(t) \\ =b_2{f}^{\prime \prime }(t)+b_1{f}^{\prime }(t)+f(t) \end{gathered}$$
最终结果 $y^{\prime \prime }(t)+a_2{y}^{\prime }(t)+a_{1}y(t)=b_2{f}^{\prime \prime }(t)+b_1{f}^{\prime }(t)+f(t)$

离散系统

$y(k)-(1+a-b)y(k-1)=f(k)$

左边加法器
$x(k)=f(k)-a_{2}x(k-1)-a_{1}x(k-2)$
$f(k)=x(k)+a_{2}x(k-1)+a_{1}x(k-2)$
右边加法器
$\mathrm{y}(\mathrm{k})=b_1\mathrm{x}(\mathrm{k})+\mathrm{x}(\mathrm{k}-2)$
$a_{2}y(k-1)=b_1{a}_{2}x(k-1)+a_{2}x(k-3)$
$a_{1}y(k-2)=b_1{a}_{1}x(k-2)+a_{1}x(k-4)$
$$\begin{gathered} y(k)+a_{2}y(k-1)+a_{1}y(k-2) \\ =b_1\left[x(k)+a_{2}x(k-1)+a_{1}x(k-2)\right]+\left[x(k-2)+a_{2}x(k-3)+a_{1}x(k-4)\right] \\ =b_{1}f(k)+f(k-2) \end{gathered}$$
$y(k)+a_{2}y(k-1)+a_{1}y(k-2)=b_{1}f(k)+f(k-2)$

判断线性系统

1.判断分解特性（写出两种输入相加）
2.判断零状态响应，零输入响应线性特征
( 1 ) y ( t ) = f ( t ) + 3 x ( 0 ) f ( t ) + 6 x ( 0 ) + 5 ( 2 ) y ( t ) = 5 ∣ f ( t ) ∣ + 6 x ( 0 ) \begin{array}{ll}(1) y(t)&#