mysql基础

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 23:28:02 发布

三鲜馄饨

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 23:28:02 发布

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文章标签： mysql 数据库 postgresql

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_64919856/article/details/125996392

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mysql基础

常见的数据库有哪些？

关系型数据库：数据存放在硬盘当中

字段：每一列的第一行就是字段

记录：每一行代表一条记录

mysql 5.7之前都是开源 8.0开始商业化
mariadb
MSsql MicreSoft Sql
oracle 商业软件
sqlserver

非关系型数据库：数据存放在内存当中变量 key=value

mongodb
redis
memcache

sqlite：数据存放在文件当中

关系型数据库介绍

数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL

**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

mysql安装与配置

mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
  - OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
  - 项目官方提供的
- deb

yum安装mysq

下载软件包
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
--2022-07-25 13:41:19--  http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 23.13.191.247, 2600:140e:6:79d::2e31, 2600:140e:6:7a7::2e31

更新
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm 
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:mysql57-community-release-el7-11 ################################# [100%]
                                                             发现多了两个mysql的包
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
mysql-community-source.repo  nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz
mysql-community.repo         yqz.repo
                                                              
 [root@localhost ~]# yum  module disable mysql
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
MySQL Connectors Community                     47 kB/s |  49 kB     00:01    
MySQL Tools Community                         249 kB/s | 651 kB     00:02    
MySQL 5.7 Community Server                    1.0 MB/s | 2.6 MB     00:02    
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================
 Package           Architecture     Version           Repository         Size
==============================================================================
Disabling modules:
 mysql                                                                       

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!
                                                                        
                                                            
 
安装这三个包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client  mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel  --nogpgcheck --allowerasing
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Last metadata expiration check: 0:07:29 ago on Mon Jul 25 13:49:03 2022.
Dependencies resolved.
===============================================================================================
 Package                Arch   Version                                 Repository         Size
=============================================================================================
 
设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
打开，查看状态
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 13:28:44 CST; 39min ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
                                     
查看端口号有3306
 [root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State     Recv-Q     Send-Q         Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    Process    
LISTEN    0          128                  0.0.0.0:22                0.0.0.0:*                  
LISTEN    0          80                   0.0.0.0:3306              0.0.0.0:*                  
LISTEN    0          128                     [::]:22                   [::]:*

yum安装mariadb

安装mariadb软件包
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y mariadb*
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
 perl-macros-4:5.26.3-421.el8.x86_64                                                          
  perl-parent-1:0.237-1.el8.noarch                                                             
  perl-podlators-4.11-1.el8.noarch                                                             
  perl-threads-1:2.21-2.el8.x86_64                                                             
  perl-threads-shared-1.58-2.el8.x86_64                                                                                
Complete!

开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now  mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

进入数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input stateme


设置一个密码
MariaDB [(none)]> set password = password('12345.com');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345.com
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>

mysql的程序组成

客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
服务器端
- mysqld

mysql工具使用

查看当前使用的mysql版本
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.3.28-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1

指定服务器主机，默认为localhost
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345.com -hlocalhost
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 11
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 

 不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本   
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p  -e ' show databases;'
Enter password: 
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+

服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型	说明
ip socket	默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信
unix sock	监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock）仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1

MySQL 数据类型

MySQL支持多种类型的SQL数据类型：数值，日期和时间类型，字符串（字符和字节）类型，空间类型和 JSON数据类型等

数值类型

数值类型包括整数型、浮点型、定点型

M表示整数类型的最大显示宽度。M表示整数类型的最大显示宽度。对于浮点和定点类型， M是可以存储的总位数（精度）。对于字符串类型， M是最大长度。允许的最大值M取决于数据类型。
D适用于浮点和定点类型，并指示小数点后面的位数。最大可能值为30，但不应大于 M-2。
表示类型定义的可选部分。

在MySQL中常用数据类型主要分为以下几类

数值类型
字符串类型
日期时间类型

整数型

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在计算机中，可以区分正负的类型，称为有符号类型。无正负的类型，称为无符号类型。
简单的理解为就是
有符号值可以表示负数，0以及正数
无符号值只能为0或正数

字符串类型

CHAR[(M)] 一个固定长度的字符串，在存储时始终用空格填充指定长度。 M表示以字符为单位的列长度。M的范围为0到255.如果M省略，则长度为1，存储时占用M个字节
VARCHAR(M)可变长度的字符串，M 表示字符的最大列长度，M的范围是0到65,535，存储时占用**L+1（L<=M,L为实际字符的长度）**个字节
TINYTEXT[(M)] 不能有默认值，占用L+1个字节，L<2^8
TEXT[(M)] 不能有默认值，占用L+2个字节，L<2^16
MEDIUMTEXT[(M)] 不能有默认值，占用L+3个字节，L<2^24
LONGTEXT[(M)] 不能有默认值，占用L+4个字节，L<2^32
ENUM(‘value1’,‘value2’,…) ENUM是一个字符串对象，其值从允许值列表中选择，它只能有一个值，从值列表中选择,最多可包含65,535个不同的元素
SET(‘value1’,‘value2’,…) 字符串对象，该对象可以有零个或多个值，最多可包含64个不同的成员

日期时间类型

TIME 范围是’-838:59:59.000000’ 到’838:59:59.000000’
DATE 支持的范围是 '1000-01-01’到 ‘9999-12-31’
DATETIME 日期和时间组合。支持的范围是 '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000’到 ‘9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999’。
TIMESTAMP 时间戳。范围是’1970-01-01 00:00:01.000000’UTC到’2038-01-19 03:14:07.999999’UTC。
YEAR 范围是 1901到2155

我们可以看到TIME的存储范围是’-838:59:59’到 ‘838:59:59’，因为TIME类型不仅可以用于表示一天中的时间（，还可以用于表示两个事件之间的经过时间或时间间隔

TIME的完整的显示为 D HH:MM:SS
D：表示天数，当指定该值时，存储时小时会先乘以该值
HH：表示小时
MM：表示分钟
SS:表示秒

mysql数据库操作

DDL操作

创建一个数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> create database if not exists yyyz;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)


查看当前实例有哪些数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| yyyz               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

删除数据库
MariaDB [yyyz]> drop database yyyz
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)


创建表
MariaDB [yyyz]> create table yyz(id int not null,name varchar(10),age tinyint(2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.006 sec)

查看当前数据库有哪些表
MariaDB [yyyz]> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_yyyz |
+----------------+
| yyz            |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

删除表
MariaDB [yyyz]> drop table yyz;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> show tables;
Empty set (0.000 sec)




数据库用户创建
MariaDB [yyyz]> create user 'yyzz'@'192.168.17.146' identified by '12345.com';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> exit                                     
Bye

使用新创建的用户和密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uyyzz -p12345.com -h192.168.17.146
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 21
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 


查看支持的所有字符集
MariaDB [(none)]> show character set;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
.......
40 rows in set (0.000 sec)



查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
MariaDB [(none)]> show engines;
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine             | Support | Comment                                                                          | Transactions | XA   | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| MEMORY             | YES     | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables                        | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MRG_MyISAM         | YES     | Collection of identical MyISAM tables                                            | NO           | NO   | NO         |
.......
12 rows in set (0.000 sec)


查看数据库信息
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
MariaDB [yyyz]> show tables from yyyz;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_yyyz |
+----------------+
| yyz            |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)




查看表结构
MariaDB [yyyz]> desc yyyz.yyz;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(2)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)





查看yyz表的创建命令
MariaDB [yyyz]> show create table yyyz.yyz;
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                            |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| yyz   | CREATE TABLE `yyz` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)



查看yyz表的状态
MariaDB [yyyz]> show table status like 'yyz'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
            Name: yyz
          Engine: InnoDB
         Version: 10
      Row_format: Dynamic
            Rows: 0
  Avg_row_length: 0
     Data_length: 16384
 Max_data_length: 0
    Index_length: 0
       Data_free: 0
  Auto_increment: NULL
     Create_time: 2022-07-25 14:57:01
     Update_time: NULL
      Check_time: NULL
       Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
        Checksum: NULL
  Create_options: 
         Comment: 
Max_index_length: 0
       Temporary: N
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

获取帮助

获取创建表的帮助
MariaDB [yyyz]> help create table;
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

Or:

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
........

DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作

INSERT语句

MariaDB [yyyz]> show tables
    -> ;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_yyyz |
+----------------+
| yyz            |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)


在yyz表格里插入数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> INSERT INTO yyz (id,name,age) VALUES (2,'jerry',23),(3,'yyzz',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',NULL);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.002 sec)
Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0


MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)

SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)

只看名字
MariaDB [yyyz]> select name from yyz;
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| jerry     |
| yyzz      |
| sean      |
| zhangshan |
| zhangshan |
| lisi      |
+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)


查看所有以年龄升序排列
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz order by age;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)



按年龄降序
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz order by age desc;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)





查看所有以年龄升序排列，展示前两条数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz order by age limit 2;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)



查看所有以年龄升序排列，展示第二条和第三条两条数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz order by age limit 1,2;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)

查看年龄大于等于25的所有数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where age >=25;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)


查看大于等于25 并叫zhangshan的数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where age >= 25 and name  = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)



查看23到28之间的数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where age between  23 and 28;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.001 sec)


查看年龄不为空的数据
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where age is not null;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)


查看年龄空
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where age is null;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

update语句

修改
MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)




MariaDB [yyyz]> update yyz set age = 30 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.002 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi |   30 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

delete语句

删除某条记录
MariaDB [yyyz]> delete from yyz where id = 7;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)


删除整张表的内容
MariaDB [yyyz]> delete from yyz;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> select  * from yyz;
Empty set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> desc yyz;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(2)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.002 sec)

truncate语句

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

语句类型

特点

delete

DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据非常占用空间

truncate

删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyzz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.000 sec)



MariaDB [yyyz]> truncate yyz;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.005 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> select * from yyz;
Empty set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [yyyz]> desc yyz;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(2)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

DCL操作

创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
INSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
.	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

授权yyz用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
MariaDB [yyyz]> grant all on *.* to 'yyz'@'localhost' identified by '12345.com'
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [yyyz]> grant all on *.* to 'yyz'@'192.168.17.146' identified by '12345.com';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)


授权yyyz用户在192.168.17.146上远程登录访问yyz数据库
MariaDB [yyyz]> grant all on  yyyzz.* to 'yyz'@'192.168.17.146' identified by '12345.com';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

授权yyyz用户在所有位置上远程登录访问yyz数据库
MariaDB [yyyz]> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'yyz'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '12345.com';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

查看授权

查看当前登录用户的授权信息
MariaDB [yyyz]> show grants;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                                                                                              |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `root`@`localhost` IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59AE2755EFB069A73FA8B830AF872B73013BAB5F' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'%' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION                                                                          |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)

查看指定用户yyz的授权信息
MariaDB [yyyz]> show grants for yyz;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for yyz@%                                                                                            |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `yyz`@`%` IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59AE2755EFB069A73FA8B830AF872B73013BAB5F' |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)



MariaDB [yyyz]> show grants for 'yyz'@'localhost';
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for yyz@localhost                                                                                            |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `yyz`@`localhost` IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59AE2755EFB069A73FA8B830AF872B73013BAB5F' |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)




MariaDB [yyyz]> show grants for 'yyz'@'192.168.17.146';
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for yyz@192.168.17.146                                                                                            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `yyz`@`192.168.17.146` IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59AE2755EFB069A73FA8B830AF872B73013BAB5F' |
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `yyyzz`.* TO `yyz`@`192.168.17.146`                                                              |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)

取消授权REVOKE

MariaDB [yyyz]> revoke all on *.* from 'yyz'@'192.168.17.146';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)


重读授权表
MariaDB [yyyz]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：

GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表

实战案例

1…创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表student，该表包含三个字段（id，name，age），表结构如下：

MariaDB [(none)]> create database yqz;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| yqz                |
| yyyz               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use yqz;
Database changed
MariaDB [yqz]> create table student(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint(2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)

MariaDB [yqz]> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(2)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

2.查看下该新建的表有无内容（用select语句）

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student;
Empty set (0.000 sec)

3.往新建的student表中插入数据（用insert语句），结果应如下所示：

MariaDB [yqz]> insert student(id,name,age) values(1,'tom',20),(2,'jerry',23),(3,'yyz',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'lisi',null),(7,'chenshuo',10),(8,'wangwu',3),(9,'qiuyi',15),(10,'yyyz',13),(11,'yqz',24);
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.001 sec)
Records: 11  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | lisi      | NULL |
|  7 | chenshuo  |   10 |
|  8 | wangwu    |    3 |
|  9 | qiuyi     |   15 |
| 10 | yyyz      |   13 |
| 11 | yqz       |   24 |
+----+-----------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

4.修改lisi的年龄为50

MariaDB [yqz]> update student set age = 50 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  6 | lisi |   50 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

5.以age字段降序排序

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  6 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
| 11 | yqz       |   24 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  9 | qiuyi     |   15 |
| 10 | yyyz      |   13 |
|  7 | chenshuo  |   10 |
|  8 | wangwu    |    3 |
+----+-----------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

6.查询student表中年龄最小的3位同学跳过前2位

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student order by age limit 2,3;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
| 10 | yyyz  |   13 |
|  9 | qiuyi |   15 |
|  1 | tom   |   20 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)

7.查询student表中年龄最大的4位同学

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student order by age desc limit 4;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  6 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  6 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
| 11 | yqz       |   24 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  9 | qiuyi     |   15 |
| 10 | yyyz      |   13 |
|  7 | chenshuo  |   10 |
|  8 | wangwu    |    3 |
+----+-----------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

8.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan的记录

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

9.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan且年龄大于20岁的记录

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age > 20;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

10.查询student表中年龄在23到30之间的记录

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where age between 23 and 30;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
| 11 | yqz       |   24 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)

11.修改wangwu的年龄为100

MariaDB [yqz]> update student set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where name = 'wangwu';
+----+--------+------+
| id | name   | age  |
+----+--------+------+
|  8 | wangwu |  100 |
+----+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

12.删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

```javascript
MariaDB [yqz]> delete from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age >= 20;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
|  1 | tom      |   20 |
|  2 | jerry    |   23 |
|  3 | yyz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean     |   28 |
|  6 | lisi     |   50 |
|  7 | chenshuo |   10 |
|  8 | wangwu   |  100 |
|  9 | qiuyi    |   15 |
| 10 | yyyz     |   13 |
| 11 | yqz      |   24 |
+----+----------+------+


10 rows in set (0.000 sec)
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | yyz       |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
| 11 | yqz       |   24 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)


11.修改wangwu的年龄为100

MariaDB [yqz]> update student set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student where name = 'wangwu';
+----+--------+------+
| id | name   | age  |
+----+--------+------+
|  8 | wangwu |  100 |
+----+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)


12.删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

```javascript
MariaDB [yqz]> delete from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age >= 20;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [yqz]> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
|  1 | tom      |   20 |
|  2 | jerry    |   23 |
|  3 | yyz      |   25 |
|  4 | sean     |   28 |
|  6 | lisi     |   50 |
|  7 | chenshuo |   10 |
|  8 | wangwu   |  100 |
|  9 | qiuyi    |   15 |
| 10 | yyyz     |   13 |
| 11 | yqz      |   24 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.000 sec)