用户自定义函数库（user-defined functions）

感觉s-function在功能上和在matlab function定义静态变量实现的功能是一样的。s-function连续系统的case1求导进行连续变量的更新和离散系统case2离散状态变量的更新用matlab function中定义静态变量应该也能实现。
不过s-function将整个流程规范化，而且将case1的求导或者积分封装成库函数，属于是简化了开发过程。

用连续case1,很容易实现积分环节。用output加静态变量可以实现微分环节。将连续函数离散化可以用离散s函数实现。s函数离散更新状态函数传出去的是状态变量的下一个状态。

c-script使用c语言编写的。

1  matlab  function

matlab funtion定义静态变量:

persistent t1;
if isempty(t1)
t1=0;
end

2 s-function

对于连续系统来说，核心是case1求导数的函数，这个函数输出是表达式里的导数值，这个函数是对状态变量进行更新的。

对于离散系统，核心是case1的离散状态更新，这里是对离散状态变量进行更新的。

function [sys,x0,str,ts,simStateCompliance] = my_sfuntmpl(t,x,u,flag)%%函数名和文件名要一样，t是仿真时间；x是状态，是一个n维的列向量；u是输入，也是n维的列向量，u(1),u(2)...
%%flag是一个标志
%SFUNTMPL General MATLAB S-Function Template
%   With MATLAB S-functions, you can define you own ordinary differential
%   equations (ODEs), discrete system equations, and/or just about
%   any type of algorithm to be used within a Simulink block diagram.
%
%   The general form of an MATLAB S-function syntax is:
%       [SYS,X0,STR,TS,SIMSTATECOMPLIANCE] = SFUNC(T,X,U,FLAG,P1,...,Pn)
%
%   What is returned by SFUNC at a given point in time, T, depends on the
%   value of the FLAG, the current state vector, X, and the current
%   input vector, U.
%
%   FLAG   RESULT             DESCRIPTION
%   -----  ------             --------------------------------------------
%   0      [SIZES,X0,STR,TS]  Initialization, return system sizes in SYS,
%                             initial state in X0, state ordering strings
%                             in STR, and sample times in TS.
%   1      DX                 Return continuous state derivatives in SYS.
%   2      DS                 Update discrete states SYS = X(n+1)
%   3      Y                  Return outputs in SYS.
%   4      TNEXT              Return next time hit for variable step sample
%                             time in SYS.
%   5                         Reserved for future (root finding).
%   9      []                 Termination, perform any cleanup SYS=[].
%
%
%   The state vectors, X and X0 consists of continuous states followed
%   by discrete states.
%
%   Optional parameters, P1,...,Pn can be provided to the S-function and
%   used during any FLAG operation.
%
%   When SFUNC is called with FLAG = 0, the following information
%   should be returned:
%
%      SYS(1) = Number of continuous states.
%      SYS(2) = Number of discrete states.
%      SYS(3) = Number of outputs.
%      SYS(4) = Number of inputs.
%               Any of the first four elements in SYS can be specified
%               as -1 indicating that they are dynamically sized. The
%               actual length for all other flags will be equal to the
%               length of the input, U.
%      SYS(5) = Reserved for root finding. Must be zero.
%      SYS(6) = Direct feedthrough flag (1=yes, 0=no). The s-function
%               has direct feedthrough if U is used during the FLAG=3
%               call. Setting this to 0 is akin to making a promise that
%               U will not be used during FLAG=3. If you break the promise
%               then unpredictable results will occur.
%      SYS(7) = Number of sample times. This is the number of rows in TS.
%
%
%      X0     = Initial state conditions or [] if no states.
%
%      STR    = State ordering strings which is generally specified as [].
%
%      TS     = An m-by-2 matrix containing the sample time
%               (period, offset) information. Where m = number of sample
%               times. The ordering of the sample times must be:
%
%               TS = [0      0,      : Continuous sample time.
%                     0      1,      : Continuous, but fixed in minor step
%                                      sample time.
%                     PERIOD OFFSET, : Discrete sample time where
%                                      PERIOD > 0 & OFFSET < PERIOD.
%                     -2     0];     : Variable step discrete sample time
%                                      where FLAG=4 is used to get time of
%                                      next hit.
%
%               There can be more than one sample time providing
%               they are ordered such that they are monotonically
%               increasing. Only the needed sample times should be
%               specified in TS. When specifying more than one
%               sample time, you must check for sample hits explicitly by
%               seeing if
%                  abs(round((T-OFFSET)/PERIOD) - (T-OFFSET)/PERIOD)
%               is within a specified tolerance, generally 1e-8. This
%               tolerance is dependent upon your model's sampling times
%               and simulation time.
%
%               You can also specify that the sample time of the S-function
%               is inherited from the driving block. For functions which
%               change during minor steps, this is done by
%               specifying SYS(7) = 1 and TS = [-1 0]. For functions which
%               are held during minor steps, this is done by specifying
%               SYS(7) = 1 and TS = [-1 1].
%
%      SIMSTATECOMPLIANCE = Specifices how to handle this block when saving and
%                           restoring the complete simulation state of the
%                           model. The allowed values are: 'DefaultSimState',
%                           'HasNoSimState' or 'DisallowSimState'. If this value
%                           is not speficified, then the block's compliance with
%                           simState feature is set to 'UknownSimState'.


%   Copyright 1990-2010 The MathWorks, Inc.

%
% The following outlines the general structure of an S-function.
%
switch flag,

  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  % Initialization %
  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  case 0,
    [sys,x0,str,ts,simStateCompliance]=mdlInitializeSizes;%%flag=0调用初始化函数

  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  % Derivatives %
  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  case 1,
    sys=mdlDerivatives(t,x,u);%%flag=1，进行导数，连续仿真状态变量是求导

  %%%%%%%%%%
  % Update %
  %%%%%%%%%%
  case 2,%%flag=2，是离散系统进行更新状态用的，离散状态对于状态变量是每个采样周期更新状态
    sys=mdlUpdate(t,x,u);

  %%%%%%%%%%%
  % Outputs %
  %%%%%%%%%%%
  case 3,%%flag=3，进行输出的设置
    sys=mdlOutputs(t,x,u);

  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  % GetTimeOfNextVarHit %
  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  case 4,%%flag=4，离散系统计算下一个采样时间点
    sys=mdlGetTimeOfNextVarHit(t,x,u);

  %%%%%%%%%%%%%
  % Terminate %
  %%%%%%%%%%%%%
  case 9,%%模型的终止
    sys=mdlTerminate(t,x,u);

  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  % Unexpected flags %
  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  otherwise
    DAStudio.error('Simulink:blocks:unhandledFlag', num2str(flag));

end

% end sfuntmpl

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlInitializeSizes
% Return the sizes, initial conditions, and sample times for the S-function.
%=============================================================================
%
function [sys,x0,str,ts,simStateCompliance]=mdlInitializeSizes %%该函数用来进行模型的初始化，是必须要用的

%
% call simsizes for a sizes structure, fill it in and convert it to a
% sizes array.
%
% Note that in this example, the values are hard coded.  This is not a
% recommended practice as the characteristics of the block are typically
% defined by the S-function parameters.
%
sizes = simsizes;

sizes.NumContStates  = 0;%%连续状态变量的数目
sizes.NumDiscStates  = 0;%%离散状态变量的数目
sizes.NumOutputs     = 0;%%输出的数目
sizes.NumInputs      = 0;%%输入的数目
sizes.DirFeedthrough = 1;%%1表示有直接馈入，直接馈入指的是输出项目里面直接加减输入，即直接将输入加到输出上
sizes.NumSampleTimes = 1;   % at least one sample time is needed  %%

sys = simsizes(sizes);

%
% initialize the initial conditions
%
x0  = [];%%这是对状态变量进行初始化，有几个状态变量，方括号里就有几个初始值

%
% str is always an empty matrix
%
str = [];

%
% initialize the array of sample times
%
ts  = [0 0];%%第一个零代表采样时间，表示连续采样；第二个零表示偏移量。ts=[t1,t2],表示从t2开始,每隔t1采样一次

% Specify the block simStateCompliance. The allowed values are:
%    'UnknownSimState', < The default setting; warn and assume DefaultSimState
%    'DefaultSimState', < Same sim state as a built-in block
%    'HasNoSimState',   < No sim state
%    'DisallowSimState' < Error out when saving or restoring the model sim state
simStateCompliance = 'UnknownSimState';

% end mdlInitializeSizes

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlDerivatives
% Return the derivatives for the continuous states.
%=============================================================================
%
function sys=mdlDerivatives(t,x,u)%%在下面

sys = [];%%括号里写该函数的输出值，即表达式里上面带点的导数的变量

% end mdlDerivatives

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlUpdate
% Handle discrete state updates, sample time hits, and major time step
% requirements.
%=============================================================================
%
function sys=mdlUpdate(t,x,u)

sys = [];

% end mdlUpdate

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlOutputs
% Return the block outputs.
%=============================================================================
%
function sys=mdlOutputs(t,x,u)

sys = [];

% end mdlOutputs

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlGetTimeOfNextVarHit
% Return the time of the next hit for this block.  Note that the result is
% absolute time.  Note that this function is only used when you specify a
% variable discrete-time sample time [-2 0] in the sample time array in
% mdlInitializeSizes.
%=============================================================================
%
function sys=mdlGetTimeOfNextVarHit(t,x,u)

sampleTime = 1;    %  Example, set the next hit to be one second later.
sys = t + sampleTime;

% end mdlGetTimeOfNextVarHit

%
%=============================================================================
% mdlTerminate
% Perform any end of simulation tasks.
%=============================================================================
%
function sys=mdlTerminate(t,x,u)

sys = [];

% end mdlTerminate

下面是plecs的c-script搭建的离散pid