MySQL基础（续）

MySQL基础（续）

DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。

INSERT语句

mysql> use runtime;
Database changed

mysql> create table jiang(id int not null,name varchar(10) not null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_runtime |
+-------------------+
| jiang             |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc jiang;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 //一次插入多条记录   
mysql> insert into jiang(id,name,age) values(1,'li',20),(2,'zhang',21),(3,'wang',22),(4,'liu',25);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//一次插入一条记录
mysql> insert into jiang(id,name,age) values(5,'tom',NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
|  5 | tom   | NULL |
+----+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)    

SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序 并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from jiang;
+-------+
| name  |
+-------+
| li    |
| zhang |
| wang  |
| liu   |
+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 //升序排序   
mysql> select * from jiang order by age
    -> ;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//降序排序
mysql> select * from jiang order by age desc;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  1 | li    |   20 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//升序排序并只取前2个结果   
mysql> select * from jiang order by age limit 2;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果
mysql> select * from jiang order by age limit 1,2;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang where age >=22;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | wang |   22 |
|  4 | liu  |   25 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
mysql> select * from jiang where age >=22 and name = 'wang';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | wang |   22 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang where age between 21 and 25;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang where age is not null;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang where age is null;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  5 | tom  | NULL |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)    

update语句

//更新
mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
|  5 | tom   | NULL |
+----+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update jiang set age = 28 where name = 'tom';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from jiang where name = 'tom';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  5 | tom  |   28 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

delete语句

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
|  5 | tom   |   28 |
+----+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

 //删除某条记录
mysql> delete from jiang where id = 5;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除整张表的内容    
mysql> delete from jiang;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc jiang;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

truncate语句

truncate与delete的区别：

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表

mysql> select * from jiang;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | li    |   20 |
|  2 | zhang |   21 |
|  3 | wang  |   22 |
|  4 | liu   |   25 |
+----+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> truncate jiang;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from jiang;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc jiang;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

DCL操作

创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
INSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
.	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

查看授权

mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

实战案例

1.搭建mysql服务

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mariadb*
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
CentOS Stream 8 - AppStream     8.2 MB/s |  24 MB     00:02    
CentOS Stream 8 - BaseOS        6.1 MB/s |  25 MB     00:03    
CentOS Stream 8 - Extras         26 kB/s |  18 kB     00:00    
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Tue Jul 26 17:32:02 2022.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================
 Package                Arch   Version          Repo       Size
================================================================
Installing:
 mariadb                x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                                                appstream 6.0 M
 mariadb-backup         x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                                                appstream 6.1 M
 mariadb-common         x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
................................

  
     
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> set password = password('123456');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye

2.创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表student，该表包含三个字段（id，name，age），表结构如下：

mysql> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> create database lijiang;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use lijiang;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int(11) primary key auto_increment not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint(4));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.查看下该新建的表有无内容（用select语句）

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.往新建的student表中插入数据（用insert语句），结果应如下所示：

+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+

mysql> > insert into student(id,name,age) values(1,'tom',20),(2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',null),(8,'chenshuo',10),(9,'wangwu',3),(10,'qiuyi',15),(11,'qiuxiaotian',20);
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 11  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.修改lisi的年龄为50

mysql> update student set age=50 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6.以age字段降序排序

mysql> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7.查询student表中年龄最小的3位同学跳过前2位

mysql> select * from student order by age limit 2,3;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8.查询student表中年龄最大的4位同学

mysql> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> select * from student order by age desc limit 4;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan的记录

mysql> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

10.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan且年龄大于20岁的记录

mysql> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age > 20;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

11.查询student表中年龄在23到30之间的记录

mysql> select * from student where age > 23 and age < 30;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

12.修改wangwu的年龄为100

mysql> update student set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

13.删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

mysql> delete from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age <= 20;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select *from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)