keepalived实现nginx负载均衡机高可用

keepalived实现nginx负载均衡机高可用

keepalived简介

keepalived是什么?

Keepalived 软件起初是专为LVS负载均衡软件设计的,用来管理并监控LVS集群系统中各个服务节点的状态,后来又加入了可以实现高可用的VRRP功能。因此,Keepalived除了能够管理LVS软件外,还可以作为其他服务(例如:Nginx、Haproxy、MySQL等)的高可用解决方案软件。

Keepalived软件主要是通过VRRP协议实现高可用功能的。VRRP是Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol(虚拟路由器冗余协议)的缩写,VRRP出现的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题的,它能够保证当个别节点宕机时,整个网络可以不间断地运行。

所以,Keepalived 一方面具有配置管理LVS的功能,同时还具有对LVS下面节点进行健康检查的功能,另一方面也可实现系统网络服务的高可用功能。

keepalived的重要功能

keepalived 有三个重要的功能,分别是:

  • 管理LVS负载均衡软件
  • 实现LVS集群节点的健康检查
  • 作为系统网络服务的高可用性(failover)

keepalived高可用故障转移的原理

Keepalived 高可用服务之间的故障切换转移,是通过 VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,虚拟路由器冗余协议)来实现的。

在 Keepalived 服务正常工作时,主 Master 节点会不断地向备节点发送(多播的方式)心跳消息,用以告诉备 Backup 节点自己还活看,当主 Master 节点发生故障时,就无法发送心跳消息,备节点也就因此无法继续检测到来自主 Master 节点的心跳了,于是调用自身的接管程序,接管主 Master 节点的 IP 资源及服务。而当主 Master 节点恢复时,备 Backup 节点又会释放主节点故障时自身接管的IP资源及服务,恢复到原来的备用角色。

那么,什么是VRRP呢?
VRRP ,全 称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议 ,VRRP的出现就是为了解决静态踣甶的单点故障问题,VRRP是通过一种竞选机制来将路由的任务交给某台VRRP路由器的。

keepalived原理

keepalived工作原理描述

Keepalived高可用对之间是通过VRRP通信的,因此,我们从 VRRP开始了解起:
(1) VRRP,全称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议,VRRP的出现是为了解决静态路由的单点故障。
(2) VRRP是通过一种竟选协议机制来将路由任务交给某台 VRRP路由器的。
(3) VRRP用 IP多播的方式(默认多播地址(224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。

Keepalived高可用对之间是通过VRRP通信的,因此,我们从 VRRP开始了解起:
(1) VRRP,全称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议,VRRP的出现是为了解决静态路由的单点故障。
(2) VRRP是通过一种竟选协议机制来将路由任务交给某台 VRRP路由器的。
(3) VRRP用 IP多播的方式(默认多播地址(224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。
(4) 工作时主节点发包,备节点接包,当备节点接收不到主节点发的数据包的时候,就启动接管程序接管主节点的开源。备节点可以有多个,通过优先级竞选,但一般 Keepalived系统运维工作中都是一对。

Keepalived高可用对之间是通过VRRP通信的,因此,我们从 VRRP开始了解起:
(1) VRRP,全称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议,VRRP的出现是为了解决静态路由的单点故障。
(2) VRRP是通过一种竟选协议机制来将路由任务交给某台 VRRP路由器的。
(3) VRRP用 IP多播的方式(默认多播地址(224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。
(4) 工作时主节点发包,备节点接包,当备节点接收不到主节点发的数据包的时候,就启动接管程序接管主节点的开源。备节点可以有多个,通过优先级竞选,但一般 Keepalived系统运维工作中都是一对。
(5) VRRP使用了加密协议加密数据,但Keepalived官方目前还是推荐用明文的方式配置认证类型和密码。

keepalived实现nginx负载均衡机高可用

环境说明

系统信息主机名IP
centos8master192.168.205.152
centos8backup192.168.205.155

本次高可用虚拟IP(VIP)地址暂定为 192.168.205.250

keepalived安装

配置主keepalived

//关闭防火墙与SELINUX
[root@master ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@master ~]# setenforce 0
[root@master ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config

//配置网络源
[root@master ~]# dnf -y install epel-release
[root@master ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo         CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo            epel-modular.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo         epel-playground.repo
CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo            epel-testing-modular.repo
CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo  epel-testing.repo
CentOS-Stream-Media.repo             epel.repo
CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo

//安装keepalived
[root@master ~]# dnf -y install keepalived

//查看安装生成的文件
[root@master ~]#  rpm -ql keepalived
/etc/keepalived
/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
/etc/sysconfig/keepalived
/usr/bin/genhash
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/2a
/usr/lib/.build-id/2a/2edcbbc7827f40f061d7af870ad71a19764915
/usr/lib/.build-id/c0
/usr/lib/.build-id/c0/7686a1d7bede95453de9a7d6ebfeb08045a789
/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service
................................................

用同样的方法在备服务器上安装keepalived

//关闭防火墙与SELINUX
[root@backup ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@backup ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@backup ~]# setenforce 0
[root@backup ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config

//配置网络源
[root@backup ~]# dnf -y install epel-release
[root@backup ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo         CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo            epel-modular.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo         epel-playground.repo
CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo            epel-testing-modular.repo
CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo  epel-testing.repo
CentOS-Stream-Media.repo             epel.repo
CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo

//安装keepalived
[root@backup ~]# dnf -y install keepalived

在主备机上分别安装nginx

在master上安装nginx

[root@master ~]# dnf -y install nginx
[root@master ~]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
[root@master html]# ls
404.html  50x.html  index.html  nginx-logo.png  poweredby.png
[root@master html]# mv index.html{,.bak}
[root@master html]# echo 'master' > index.html
[root@master html]# ls
404.html  index.html      nginx-logo.png
50x.html  index.html.bak  poweredby.png
[root@master html]# systemctl start nginx
[root@master html]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@master html]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port  Process  
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:80          0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:80             [::]:*              
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22             [::]:*   

在backup上安装nginx

[root@backup ~]# dnf -y install nginx
[root@backup ~]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
[root@backup html]# ls
404.html  50x.html  index.html  nginx-logo.png  poweredby.png
[root@backup html]# mv index.html{,.bak}
[root@backup html]# echo 'backup' > index.html
[root@backup html]# ls
404.html  index.html      nginx-logo.png
50x.html  index.html.bak  poweredby.png
[root@backup html]# systemctl start nginx
[root@backup html]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@backup html]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port  Process  
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:80          0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:80             [::]:*              
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22             [::]:*      

keepalived配置

配置主keepalived

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb01
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass lijiang
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.205.250
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.205.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.205.152 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
    
    real_server 192.168.205.155 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@master ~]# systemctl start keepalived
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable keepalived
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.

[root@master ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:64:64:76 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.205.152/24 brd 192.168.205.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 1075sec preferred_lft 1075sec
    inet 192.168.205.250/32 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::d319:3a8d:e1e8:8a63/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

配置备keepalived

[root@backup ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb02
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 90
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass lijiang
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.205.250
   }
}

virtual_server 192.168.205.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.205.152 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
    
    real_server 192.168.205.155 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@backup ~]# systemctl start keepalived
[root@backup ~]# systemctl enable keepalived
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.

[root@backup ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:12:0a:ff brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.205.155/24 brd 192.168.205.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 1698sec preferred_lft 1698sec
    inet6 fe80::26b1:cd6:d073:9acd/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

让keepalived监控nginx负载均衡机

keepalived通过脚本来监控nginx负载均衡机的状态

在master上编写脚本

[root@master ~]# mkdir /scripts
[root@master ~]# cd /scripts/
[root@master scripts]# vim check_nginx.sh
#!/bin/bash

nginx_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bnginx\b'|wc -l)
if [ $nginx_status -lt 1 ];then
    systemctl stop keepalived
fi
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x check_nginx.sh 
[root@master scripts]# ll
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 143 Oct  8 07:23 check_nginx.sh

[root@master scripts]# vim notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
case "$1" in
    master)
         nginx_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bnginx\b'|wc -l)
         if [ $nginx_status -lt 1 ];then
             systemctl start nginx
         fi  
    ;;   
    backup)
        nginx_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bnginx\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $nginx_status -gt 0 ];then
            systemctl stop nginx
        fi      
    ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
    ;;
esac

[root@master scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh 
[root@master scripts]# ll
total 8
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 143 Oct  8 07:23 check_nginx.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 415 Oct  8 07:37 notify.sh

在backup上编写脚本

[root@backup ~]#  mkdir /scripts
[root@backup ~]# cd /scripts/
[root@backup scripts]# vim notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
case "$1" in
    master)
         nginx_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bnginx\b'|wc -l)
         if [ $nginx_status -lt 1 ];then
             systemctl start nginx
         fi  
    ;;   
    backup)
        nginx_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bnginx\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $nginx_status -gt 0 ];then
            systemctl stop nginx
        fi      
    ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
    ;;
esac

[root@backup scripts]# ll
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 415 Oct  8 07:42 notify.sh

配置keepalived加入监控脚本的配置

配置主keepalived

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb01
}

vrrp_script nginx_check {
    script "/scripts/check_nginx.sh"
    interval 1
    weight -20
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
 auth_pass lijiang
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.205.250
    }
 track_script {
        nginx_check
    }
    notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.205.250"
    notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.205.250"
}

virtual_server 192.168.205.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.205.152 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.205.155 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart keepalived

配置备keepalived

[root@backup ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb02
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 90
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass lijiang
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.205.250
    }
    notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.205.250"
    notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.205.250"
}

virtual_server 192.168.205.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.205.152 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.205.155 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@backup ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
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